Grapevines can be grown in different soil classes and climatic conditions. However, the effect of these variables on grapevine and grape composition is complex. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of soil classes and climatic conditions on productive and physico-chemical characteristics and phenolic compounds of Cabernet Sauvignon grapes. The experiment was carried out in São Joaquim (SC), located on the Southern Plateau of Santa Catarina. Cabernet Sauvignon variety was analyzed in three soils (Dystrudepts, Humudepts and Rhodudalfs) and two harvests (2015 and 2016). The climatic variables analyzed were rainfall, insolation and average, maximum and minimum temperatures. Soil physical-chemical attributes, productive and physico-chemical characteristics and phenolic compounds of grapes were analyzed. Both soil class and harvests had significant effect on productive and physico-chemical characteristics and phenolic compounds of grapes. Soil was more important for productive characteristics and phenolic compounds, while meteorological conditions were more important for the physico-chemical characteristics of grapes. Productive characteristics and grape composition were more adequate to wine production in the 2016 harvest and in Rhodudalfs and Dystrudepts soil classes.
Cultivated soils, when submitted to agricultural practices, tend to compact due to the pressure exerted by agricultural machines and implements, a process that compromises soil quality and system sustainability. Specific properties of each soil, such as particle size and organic matter content, interfere with the process and degree of compaction and, consequently, plant growth. This study aimed to analyze the effect of different degrees of compaction (DC) on soil physical properties and black oat (Avena strigosa Schreb) growth. For this purpose, four soils were collected: Latossolo Vermelho distrófico retrático (Ferralsol LV CN), Cambissolo Húmico alumínico típico (Cambisol CH LG), Nitossolo Bruno distrófico típico (Nitisol NB PA), and Nitossolo Bruno distrófico húmico (Nitisol NB SJ). They were submitted to five degrees of compaction (bulk densities corresponding to 80, 85, 90, 95, and 100 % DC), defined by their relation to the maximum density obtained by the Normal Proctor Test. For each DC, porosity, soil water retention curve, penetration resistance, hydraulic conductivity, and aeration capacity were determined. In a greenhouse, the oats were cultivated in the four soils with five different degrees of compaction. The experiment was carried out in a completely randomized design, factorial scheme, and five replications. Crop measurements included the growth rate, shoot dry matter, and forage quality analysis. Soil compaction changed the physical properties of soils. In all tested soils, macroporosity and total porosity decreased, more intensely at LV CN. It had macroporosity below the critical level (0.10 m 3 m-3) from DC 85. Hydraulic conductivity also decreased in all soils, which is evidence of significant environmental degradation from DC 90 onwards. Microporosity increased in the four soils due to compaction effect, and it is one of the reasons why permanent wilting point has increased. It resulted in a problem at NB SJ , mainly because it reduced the available water volume at DC 90, 95, and 100. Penetration resistance has also increased from DC 80 to 100 at all soils, exceeding the limit of 2 MPa in DC 80 for NB SJ , DC 85 for NB PA and LV CN , and DC 95 for CH LG , representing a risk to root development. Regarding black oat crop, there was a reduction in shoot dry matter only in Cambisol and in the higher DC, fiber content keeps within a satisfactory amount, without affecting forage quality in all soils and DC, thus showing that black oat is tolerant to compaction.
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