Humans seek admiration to boost their social rank and engage in rivalry to protect it when fearing defeat. Traits such as narcissism and affective states such as depression are thought to influence perception of rank and motivation for dominance in opposite ways, but evidence of the underlying behavioral mechanisms is scant. We investigated the effects of dimensionally-assessed narcissism and depression on behavioral responses to social defeat in a rigged video game tournament designed to elicit rivalry (stealing points from opponents) and admiration-seeking (paying for rank). We tested an undergraduate sample (N = 70, mean age = 21.5 years) and a clinical sample of predominantly depressed elderly (N = 85, mean age = 62.6 years). Both rivalry and admiration-seeking increased with time on task and were particularly enhanced in individuals high in narcissism. Participants engaged in more rivalry when pitted against high-ranked opponents, but depression partially mitigated this tendency. Our findings provide behavioral evidence that narcissism manifests in increased rivalry and admiration-seeking during social contests. Depression does not suppress general competitiveness but selectively inhibits upward-focused rivalry.
Humans seek admiration to boost their social rank and engage in rivalry to protect it when fearing defeat. These social behaviors are shaped by traits and affective states, such as narcissism and depression, that influence perception of status and motivation for dominance. Narcissistic traits and depressive states are thought to prompt opposite coping mechanisms: highly narcissistic persons are compelled to protect and enhance their social rank at any cost, whereas depressed individuals may accept their inferior position to avoid further damage. Experimental data supporting these theories are however lacking. We investigated the effects of dimensionally-assessed narcissism, trait dominance and depression in a rigged video game tournament, designed to elicit rivalry (stealing points from opponents) and admiration-seeking (paying for rank). The experiment was performed by an undergraduate sample (N = 70, mean age = 21.5 years) and a clinical sample of predominantly depressed elderly (N = 85, mean age = 62.6 years). Both rivalry and admiration-seeking increased with time and were particularly enhanced in individuals high in trait dominance or narcissism. Additionally, participants engaged in more rivalry against high-ranked opponents and this tendency was accentuated by trait dominance but suppressed by depression. Our findings suggest that narcissism and social dominance manifest in increased rivalry and admiration-seeking during social contests. Depression does not generally suppress competitiveness but selectively inhibits upward-focused rivalry.
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