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Blue crabs Callinectes sapidus Rathbun were sampled in a lower Chesapeake Bay seagrass bed and adjacent tidal marsh creek from October 1982 through December 1986, using a drop net and suction sampler. Suction sampling was 88 % efficient and provided more accurate estimates of juvenile blue crab abundance, that were at least an order of magnitude greater than those obtained by conventional trawl gear For data analysis, C. sapidus were separated into 4 size classes by carapace width--54.25 mm (recently settled 1st and 2nd juveniles); 4.25 to 11.00 mm (3rd through 7th juvenile crabs); > 11.00 to 525.00 mm (8th through 12th juvenile crabs); and >25.00 mm (older juveniles and adults). Seasonal and annual cycles of C. sapidus abundance were observed in both habitats with annual differences most pronounced in the grassbed. Densities of C. sapidus were significantly greater in the grassbed in all but 2 of the 48 sampling dates. Settlement of the new year class appeared to be by megalopae and occurred from August through December A pulse of small C. sapidus C4.25 mm was observed in the grassbed from early to mid-September, whereas in the marsh creek this pulse occurred 2 to 4 wk later and consisted of 3rd stage and generally larger crabs (>4.25 mm). The small numbers of 1st and 2nd stage juvenile crabs (<4.25 mm) in the marsh creek in contrast to their abundance in the grassbed may result from increased predation in the tidal marsh creek or selective settlement into the grassbed. C. sapidus were rare in the marsh creek in winter but densities of crabs 5 2 5 mm remained high in the grassbed from fall through early spring. Densities decreased gradually in both habitats to lowest levels by mid-August. Approximately 90 '10 or more of C. sapidus collected at both sites from late August to June were 5 2 5 mm in carapace width. Densities of individuals 11 to 25 mm and >25 mm throughout the study period did not differ significantly among years (1983 to 1986) even though there were significant differences in the abundance of smaller sized individuals between 1983-84 and 1985-86. This suggests mortality within or emigration from grassbeds around this size. A possible ontogenetic shift in habitat use by crabs 11 to 25 mm may reflect a refuge in size from predation.

Current theory on the population dynamics of marine species with complex life history patterns posits that a suite of physical and biotic forces (e.g., habitat structure and density—dependent predation or emigration) control survival and abundance in early life history, particularly after settlement. We have conducted a long—term sampling effort accompanied by a series of field and laboratory experiments examining the joint effects of habitat type, body size, and population density upon abundance and survival of early juveniles of the blue crab, Callinectes sapidus. In addition, the chance occurrence of a tropical storm during one set of experiments provided an opportunity to assess the impact of a physical disturbance upon newly settled blue crab survival and abundance. In the 10—yr sampling effort, we quantified relationships between sequential life history stages (juvenile crab instars) in seagrass beds, the initial nursery habitat for blue crabs in the lower Chesapeake Bay. Inter—instar relationships were defined as the densities of larger instars as dependent on the densities of smaller instars. Inter—instar relationships for the youngest instars are described by hyperbolic functions until crabs begin to emigrate to unvegetated habitats at approximately the fifth instar. Inter—instar relationships between crabs larger than the fifth instar and smaller crabs become either parabolic or linear functions and decay as the number of instars between sequential life history stages increases. While both the hyperbolic and parabolic functions are indicative of populations regulated by density—dependent processes, either predation or emigration, the decay in the functions describing the inter—instar relationships for crabs larger than the fifth instar indicates that the suite of processes regulating this segment of the population changes qualitatively. In laboratory and field experiments, the effects of vegetated and unvegetated habitats and size—specific predation on newly settled juveniles were tested. Tethering was used to quantify relative rates of predation, and a laboratory study was conducted to determine if tethering induced treatment—specific bias. We found no statistically significant interactions between the tethering treatment and the factor treatments of crab size and habitat during the laboratory study, indicating that tethering did not produce treatment—specific bias. Thus, tethering provided a relative measure of predation that allowed comparisons between treatments of habitat and crab size on crab survival. In both laboratory and field experiments, survival was significantly higher in vegetated habitats and with increasing size until the ninth instar, when survival did not differ by habitat. This difference explains the dispersal from vegetated to unvegetated habitats that occurred between the fifth and seventh instars. In addition, survival of all crabs was significantly increased both during and after Tropical Storm Danielle compared to pre—storm conditions. A model is developed that describes juvenil...

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Settlement and early juvenile stages are considered a bottleneck in the life history of many epibenthic organisms because of high predation mortality. Nursery habitats may play an irnportant role in mitigating settlement and post-settlement mortality by providing refuge from predation. We examined these relationships in postlarvae and early juvenile stages of the shore crab Carcinus maenas L. in laboratory and field tethering experiments. We studied habitat and size related habitat mortality using postlarvae and young juvenile crabs as prey, and various predators, including juvenile conspecifics, in several habltats common in shallow (0 to 1 m) soft bottom nursery areas on the Swedish west coast. Settling mortality was high in open sand (80 to go%), whereas a significant habitat refuge was obtained in mussel beds, eelgrass and filamentous green algae, the latter yielding the lowest mortality (13 to 14%). Small differences in structural complexity of ephemeral macroalgae dramatically affected predation mortality of tirst instar crabs, with a slgniiicant refuge obtaineci oriiy irl diyde of medium complexity. Predation rate on tethered crabs in the field was high (52 to 67 X) only on the smallest crabs (

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Although laboratory studies confirm that otoliths incorporate trace elements and stable isotopes from surrounding waters, few studies explore the relationship of otolith chemistry to water chemistry in the field and none include a larger suite of environmental tracers, such as rare earth elements. Using spotted seatrout (Cynoscion nebulosus) as model species, we tested the hypothesis that otoliths record the water chemistry of seagrass habitats in Chesapeake Bay. In summer 2001, we sampled water and juvenile fish in seagrass beds of the bay. Weighted linear regressions showed that [Ba/Ca]otolith and [La/Ca]otolith were best predicted by salinity and were modeled as [Ba/Ca]otolith (µmol·mol–1) = –2.25 ± 0.35 × salinity + 59.47 ± 7.01) and [La/Ca]otolith (pmol·mol–1) = –8.71 ± 0.65 × salinity + 243.87 ± 12.52. [Ba/Ca]otolith increased with [Ba/Ca]water, but the relationship was nonlinear. Salinity did not influence [Mn/Ca]otolith, but this ratio was positively correlated with [Mn/Ca]water. Although the partition coefficient of Sr (DSr = 0.23 ± 0.019) was similar to that in laboratory experiments, [Sr/Ca] in waters and otoliths was decoupled despite equal temperature exposure, suggesting that [Sr/Ca]otolith concentration may not be a simple function of water composition. However, there was a predictive relationship between [δ18O]otolith and [Sr/Ca]water ([δ18O]otolith = 1.18 ± 0.09 × [Sr/Ca]water (mmol·mol–1) – 14.286 ± 0.78) resulting from mixing between fluvial and oceanic waters. Water chemistry showed mixed values as a proxy for otolith chemistry and may not be a surrogate for otolith chemistry in wide estuaries.

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