A comprehensive review of the neurological disorders reported during the current COVID-19 pandemic demonstrates that infection with SARS-CoV-2 affects the central nervous system (CNS), the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and the muscle. CNS manifestations include: headache and decreased responsiveness considered initial indicators of potential neurological involvement; anosmia, hyposmia, hypogeusia, and dysgeusia are frequent early symptoms of coronavirus infection. Respiratory failure, the lethal manifestation of COVID-19, responsible for 264,679 deaths worldwide, is probably neurogenic in origin and may result from the viral invasion of cranial nerve I, progressing into rhinencephalon and brainstem respiratory centers. Cerebrovascular disease, in particular large-vessel ischemic strokes, and less frequently cerebral venous thrombosis, intracerebral hemorrhage and subarachnoid hemorrhage, usually occur as part of a thrombotic state induced by viral attachment to ACE2 receptors in endothelium causing widespread endotheliitis, coagulopathy, arterial and venous thromboses. Acute hemorrhagic necrotizing encephalopathy is associated to the cytokine storm. A frontal hypoperfusion syndrome has been identified. There are isolated reports of seizures, encephalopathy, meningitis, encephalitis, and myelitis. The neurological diseases affecting the PNS and muscle in COVID-19 are less frequent and include Guillain-Barré syndrome; Miller Fisher syndrome; polyneuritis cranialis; and rare instances of viral myopathy with rhabdomyolysis. The main conclusion of this review is the pressing need to define the neurology of COVID-19, its frequency, manifestations, neuropathology and pathogenesis. On behalf of the World Federation of Neurology we invite national and regional neurological associations to create local databases to report cases with neurological manifestations observed during the ongoing pandemic. International neuroepidemiological collaboration may help define the natural history of this worldwide problem.

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Air pollution (indoor and outdoor air) is a major issue in public health as epidemiological studies haven pointed to the numerous detrimental health consequences (notably, respiratory and cardiovascular pathology). In the last fifteen years, air pollution has also been considered as a potent environmental risk factor for neurological diseases and neuropathology. In this review, the authors examine the impact of air pollution on children's brain development and its clinical, cognitive, brain structural and metabolic consequences. Long-term potential consequences for adults' brain and effects on multiple sclerosis are also discussed. One challenge is assessing lifetime exposures to outdoor and indoor environments, including occupational exposures: how much, for how long and what type. The diffuse neuroinflammation, the damage to the neurovascular unit, and the production of auto-antibodies to neural and tight junction proteins are worrisome findings in children chronically exposed to concentrations above current standards for ozone and fine particulate matter (PM 2.5 ) and may constitute significant risk factors for the development of Article Outline

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