Characterisation of alteration profiles using dynamic penetrometry with variable energy. Application to weathered black marls, Draix (Alpes-de-Haute-Provence, France). A dynamic penetrometer with variable energy has been tested in a gullied catchment of Callovo-Oxfordian black marls (Draix, Alpes-de-Haute-Provence, France). After calibration and validation, simple convenient geotechnical criteria allow to interpret penetrograms in terms of type and thickness of layers in the weathered marl profile, with a centimetric precision: (1) the loose detrital cover, (2) the more or less compact regolith laying on (3) the marl bedrock. Once calibrated for a specific environment, this new prospecting method appears very useful, rapid and efficient to characterise shallow superficial formations and estimate their volume. To cite this article: O.

Theoretical study of the static equilibrium of the frictional soil around pressuremeter Abstract This paper analyses the equilibrium around the pressuremeter. It is divided in three parts : 1) In the first part, we describe the soil behaviour law. The soil is assumed to be elasto-plastic with non-associated plastic flow. The soil is non cohesive, and shows dilatancy in plasticity. This is a drained behaviour. We take into account the vertical stress. We show that two different plastic zones may developped around the pressuremeter. The first one is linked to the circumferential stress and the radial stress. The second one is linked to the vertical stress and to the circumferential stress. The elastic equilibrium beyond the plastic area is used for the analysis. We derive the expression of the two plastic radii, the relation between stress and strain in each zone and the expression of displacements. 2) in the second part, we use transform Menard tests to determine the mechanical characteristic of the soil. We compare the analytical and experimental results. 3) In the third part, we compute with a finite element program the equilibrium around the pressuremeter. The program uses the behaviour law MCK (Monnet, 19921. The comparison between theoretical and experimental results for the stress distribution is shown, and we conclude on the method used to find the mechanical parameters. BEVUE FRANÇAISE DE GÉOTECHNIQUEN° 67 2 e t r im est re 1 9 9 4

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--Zusammenfassung The Application of Iterated Defect Correction to Variational Methods for Elliptic Boundary ValueProblems. We construct a method which makes it possible to apply the idea of iterated defect correction to finite element methods. The construction is motivated heuristically. We believe that the significance of our method lies in the possibility to write "metaalgorithms" for existing finite element program packages which entail a substantial improvement of the accuracy of these program packages. The efficiency of the method is demonstrated in a number of examples. Wir geben ein Verfahren an, das es erm6glicht, den Gedanken der Iterierten Defektkorrektur auf Methoden der Finiten Elemente anzuwenden. Das Verfahren wird heuristisch motiviert. Wir glauben, dab die Bedeutung unseres Verfahrens in der M6glichkeit liegt, ffir bestehende Finite-ElementeProgrammpakete ,,Metaalgorithmen" zu scbreiben, die eine betr/ichtliche Steigerung der Genauigkeit dieser Programmpakete bewirken. Die Effizienz des Verfahrens wird an einigen Beispielen demonstriert.

Background: Incontentia pigmenti (IP) is a rare multisystem disorder of ectodermal origin comprising skin, dental, ocular and central nervous system features. Symptomatic treatments are adapted to each family according to the patient's disability. Due to its rarity, the family IP burden in its broadest sense (psychological, social, economic and physical) has not yet been evaluated. Aim: To design a questionnaire allowing assessing the family burden of IP (F'BoIP). Method: A questionnaire was developed using a standardized methodology for designing quality of life questionnaires according to the following steps: conception, development, and validation. A multidisciplinary working group was designed, including experts in questionnaire development, dermatologists specialised in IP patient care and representatives of the French IP association. A cultural and linguistic validation into US English was conducted, based on the original French version. Results: A 20-item conceptual questionnaire was generated. Subsequent confirmatory analyses produced a 20-item questionnaire grouped into four domains, demonstrating internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha: 0.93), reproducibility and high reliability. The F'BoIP questionnaire significantly correlated with other validated questionnaires: Family Dermatology Life Quality Index (F-DLQI), Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) and SF-12 mental and SF12 physical scores, indicating good external validity. Conclusion: The F'BoIP questionnaire is the first specific tool to assess the family burden of IP and can be used by both family members of IP patients and by health care professionals. It is a valuable tool which evaluates medical and nonmedical strategies to improve the daily life of families affected by this orphan disease.

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In the first paper, part 1, we presented the elasto-plastic theory for the expansion of the pressuremeter in granular soil. This theory allows determination of the behaviour of the granular soil around the pressuremeter with only four mechanical parameters. It is compared with previous theory on the dataset of the pressuremeter test on Ticino sand. In the second paper, part 2, we present the numerical analysis of the theoretical conventional limit pressure compared with the result of the MohrCoulomb non-standard model used by the Plaxis finite element program. The theoretical evolution of the conventional limit pressure as a function of the variation of each parameter shows a correct agreement with the numerical results. Conclusions are drawn on the influence of these parameters on the pressuremeter results.Dans un premier article, partie 1, nous présentons la théorie élasto-plastique de l'expansion de la sonde dans le sol granulaire. Cette théorie permet de déterminer le comportement du sol granulaire autour du pressiomètre avec seulement quatre paramètres mécaniques. Nous comparons ensuite ses résultats à ceux de théories plus anciennes pour l'étude des essais pressiométriques réalisés dans le sable de Ticino. Dans un second article, partie II, nous réalisons l'étude analytique de l'évolution de la pression limite donnée par cette théorie et nous la comparons à la valeur numéri-que trouvée avec le logiciel Plaxis L'évolution de la pression limite en fonction de la variation de chacun de ses paramètres montre un accord raisonnable avec les résultats numériques de Plaxis. Nous concluons sur l'importance relative de ces paramètres sur la pression limite