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Using data from The National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, this study examined intimate partner violence (IPV) and drinking partnerships in 741 young adults in male-female dating, cohabitating, and married relationships. Cluster analyses revealed four similar kinds of drinking partnerships: (a) congruent light and infrequent, (b) discrepant male heavy and frequent, (c) discrepant female heavy and infrequent, and (d) congruent moderate/heavy-frequent drinkers. Overall, there were no significant main effect differences across relationship type and clusters. The type of relationship and the type of drinking partnership interacted with contexts examined (i.e., type of violence severity, gender, and whether the violence was perpetration or victimization). Given the severity of IPV in couple relationships, additional empirical attention to drinking partnerships is warranted. Drinking PartnershipsViolence in intimate relationships is an important social problem affecting many young adults. Research concludes that a common factor for intimate partner violence (IPV) in romantic relationships is the consumption of alcohol (Caetano, McGrath, Ramisetty-Mikler, & Field, 2005;Fals-Stewart, 2003;Fals-Stewart, Golden, & Schumacher, 2003;Leadley, Clark, & Caetano, 2000;Lipsky, Caetano, Field, & Larkin, 2005;O'Leary & Schumacher, 2003;White & Chen, 2002). Alcohol consumption (Windle, 2003) and violence are highest during young adulthood with violence peaking between 21 and 29 (Perkins, 1997 NIH-PA Author ManuscriptNIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author Manuscript varying levels of IPV. Thus, when examining rates of IPV, it is important to take into consideration the age of the individuals, as well as characteristics of the intimate relationship (e.g., dating, cohabiting, or married).Researchers have started to understand the risk factors, characteristics, and correlates of alcohol and IPV, but there are still many gaps as well as contradictory findings in the literature. First, understanding the association of IPV and alcohol use in young adults needs further examination. Additional information on risks for IPV would advance understanding of the etiology of IPV. Second, measurement of IPV is especially important due to the pervasiveness of partner violence. Assessing both perpetration and victimization reports of IPV is critical to the documentation of IPV occurrences. For example, men and women exhibit different patterns of being perpetrators and victims of IPV depending on how IPV is measured and whether severity of IPV is taken into account (Weston, Temple, & Marshall, 2005).Third, generalized findings on IPV are modified once both partners' behaviors and outcomes are examined. The majority of the IPV research relies on only one relationship member's report of their own and their partner's characteristics. Studies that include reports by both partners are better able to distinguish aspects of violence that are present (e.g., minor vs. severe, perpetration vs. victimization) in romantic relationships (Will...

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The purpose of this study was to determine if undergraduates (N = 839) apply the same standard to themselves when labeling a behavior "having sex" as they apply to their significant others if those persons engage in the same behaviors outside the relationship. Using a between-participants design, one form asked participants if each of 11 behaviors constituted having sex if they engaged in the activity; the other form asked participants if each of the same behaviors constituted having sex if their significant other engaged in the activity outside their relationship. Participants answering for themselves were less likely to indicate a behavior was having sex for all behaviors except penile-anal and penile-vaginal intercourse. Men were also more likely than women to indicate most behaviors were having sex. The authors discuss what they define as a definitional discontinuity in undergraduate emerging adults' definitions of having sex. Fundamental attribution error (FAE) and emerging adulthood literature are used to explain the findings. Health and relationship implications are identified.

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ABSTRACT. Objective: This study examines the association between young adult drinking partnerships (ages 18-26 years) and later alcohol-related problems and consequences, alcohol use, relationship quality, and relationship dissolution in adult relationships (ages 26-35). Method: Data came from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health; Waves III and IV) with 1,347 young adults and their partners at Wave III, including dating, cohabiting, and married couples, and individual adult behaviors at Wave IV, 6 years later. Drinking partnerships were based on alcohol use frequency, quantity, heavy episodic drinking, and getting drunk. Results: Four clusters included (a) congruent light and infrequent, (b) discrepant male heavy and frequent, (c) discrepant female heavy and frequent, and (d) congruent heavy and frequent drinkers. Young adult discrepant partnerships reported more alcohol-related problems and consequences 6 years later. Young adults in the congruent heavy drinking partnership indicated more separation/ divorce and alcohol use as adults. Young adult married men who drank discrepantly and higher compared to their wives reported higher rates of adult drinking and problems than other men. There were a number of negative effects from congruent heavy drinking, especially for women. Conclusions: These fi ndings demonstrated that there are multiple types of young adult drinking partnerships based on couples' alcohol use behaviors. Men may be at risk for serious alcohol-related problems later in adulthood, especially when paired with discrepant drinking partners and congruent heavy drinking partners. Women are at risk when in congruent, heavy and frequent drinking partnerships. Studying romantic relationships and drinking has implications for broad aspects of young adult and adult development. (J. Stud. Alcohol Drugs, 75, 704-712, 2014)

ABSniiCT This study descnbes and analyzes the apparendy misleading, irrelevant, and sterotyped initial self-report statements that were obtained m an ln-depth multiple case study of women changing careers Using assumptions from the fields of hermeneutics (interpretation) and phenomenology about how meaning is constructed and interpreted, these initial accounts are understood as symbols which can be decoded and can also reveal larger meaning when read in different contexts This study shows how these accounts concealed connections between current behavior and personal history and prevented appropnate reference to personal expenence. The reasons for these distcHtions are understood by placing them m a sociocultural context These women's initial accounts are interpreted as a response to their perceived violation of cultural mandates preventing development of work roles The damaged symbolic language they used to explain themselves is seen as an example of mistaken cultural assumptions about the "self " The demonstrated necessity of interpreting these lmtial accounts as symbolic communication alerts researchers relying on self-report statements to the pitfalls of taking such statements at face value A comnwn concem among researchers engaging in life history interviewing, whether they be sociological (