Beta-thalassaemia major is a serious genetic disorder, which results in a considerable increase in both acute and chronic morbidity, and mortality. Although beta-thalassaemia major is a rare disease affecting approximately 600 people in the UK, treatment is intensive and predictions of the costs incurred may aid health care planning. In this report, the cost to the health service of providing treatment services for beta-thalassaemia major patients, over the course of a lifetime, is calculated in order to assist resource allocation decisions. A cost model was developed, incorporating data from disparate sources. The undiscounted lifetime cost of treating a beta-thalassaemia major patient was estimated to be pound 803,002, although when the costs were discounted at a rate of 6%, the lifetime cost was reduced to pound 219,068. Within sensitivity analyses, the discounted cost ranged from approximately pound 188,000 to pound 226,000. This report may act as a guide to those involved in the planning of health care provision with regard to the resources required to treat beta-thalassaemia major patients. Such information may also be incorporated into the decision-making process for the provision of antenatal screening programmes for beta-thalassaemia major.
The purpose of this article was to examine various physiological responses during an ultramarathon held in extreme heat. Our investigation was conducted at The Badwater Ultramarathon, a nonstop 217-km run across Death Valley, CA, USA. This study recruited 4 male athletes, average age of 43 (±SD) (±7.35), (range) 39-54 years. All 4 subjects successfully completed the race with a mean finish time of 36:20:23 hours (±SD) (±3:08:38) (range) 34:05:25-40:51:46 hours, and a mean running speed of 6.03 km·h(-1) (±SD) (±0.05), (range) 5.3-6.4 km·h(-1). The anthropometric variables measured were (mean, ±SD) mass 79.33 kg (±6.43), height 1.80 m (±0.09), body surface area 1.93 m2 (±0.16), body mass index 24.38 kg·m(-2) (±1.25), fat mass 13.88% (±2.29), and body water 62.08% (±1.56). Selected physiological variables measured were core body temperature, skin temperature, heart rate, breathing rate, and blood pressure. Rate of perceived intensity, rate of thermal sensation, and environmental factors were also monitored. Our study found (mean and ±SD) core body temperature 37.49° C (±0.88); skin temperature 31.13° C (±3.06); heart rate 106.79 b·min(-1) (±5.11); breathing rate 36.55 b·min(-1) (±0.60); blood pressure 128/86 mm Hg (±9.24/4.62); rate of perceived intensity 5.49 (±1.26); rate of thermal sensation 4.69 (±0.37); daytime high temperature of 46.6° C, and a mean temperature of 28.35° C. Our fastest finisher demonstrated a lower overall core body temperature (36.91° C) when compared with the group mean (37.49° C). In contrast to previous findings, our data show that the fastest finisher demonstrates a lower overall core body temperature. We conclude that it may be possible that a time threshold exists whereby success in longer duration events requires an ability to maintain a lower core body temperature vs. tolerating a higher core body temperature.
Objective.-The purpose of this paper was to document food and fluid intake of athletes during an ultramarathon held in extreme heat. Our study was conducted at The Badwater Ultramarathon, a nonstop 217-km run across Death Valley, California, USA, in 2012. Methods.-This study recruited 4 male athletes. The parameters measured were energy intake, fluid intake, energy expenditure, and body mass. The variables were further compared to the athlete's ability to successfully complete a 217-km ultramarathon in extreme heat. Results.-This investigation recruited 4 male athletes, average age of 43 (Ϯ
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