North Atlantic hurricanes pose a significant threat to Caribbean islands and their low-lying coastal communities through storm surge, long period swells, coastal flooding, and duration wind and rain events. The increasing intensity and frequency of these damaging storms and rising sea levels require advances in the traditional approaches to coastal protection systems and risk management strategies. Adaptation strategies for coastal locations that do not have the option of mitigated retreat due to the significant infrastructure investment require innovative and tailored solutions to combat the threat of these storm events. In this paper, an 18-year case study of a Caribbean island Resort evaluates a long-term cumulative process of providing coastal protection solutions in stepped tiers and assessing their effectiveness over four Category 4 hurricanes (Lenny, 1998; Omar, 2008; Earl, 2010; Matthew, 2016).
Due to the capital investment cost, procurement and construction schedule, and in some cases the permissions and environmental restrictions, the oil and LNG terminals tend to move more offshore nowadays. Survivability of the facility and operational downtime becomes an issue because of the considerably more challenging metocean conditions. In most cases, metocean conditions (typically related to swell) that dictate terminal operations are determined from ship mooring studies. A slight variation in wave height, period or direction could shift the condition from ‘operational’ to ‘downtime’. However, how do commissioned terminals make critical decisions on whether or when to shut down operations? A precise wave forecast at the terminal site becomes more critical than ever for terminal planning and operation.
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