Three genes (fmdCAB) encoding an outer-membrane porin for short-chain amides and urea, formamidase, and a putative regulatory protein in Methylophilus methylotrophus have previously been cloned and characterised. Three genes have now been identified downstream of fmdB, viz fmdD encoding a hydrophilic protein containing an N-terminal signal sequence, and fmdEF encoding hydrophobic transmembrane proteins. The derived amino acid sequence of mature FmdD (predicted molecular mass 41 870 Da) was similar to the cytoplasmic, amide-binding protein (AmiC) from Pseudomonas aeruginosa and to several periplasmic, solute-binding proteins from other bacteria. Mature FmdD was purified and shown to be a monomer (40Ϫ45 kDa) with the predicted N-terminal amino acid sequence (ADYPTA-). Equilibrium dialysis showed that the purified protein bound short-chain amides and urea with high affinity (K d 7.2 µM for [ 14 C]urea). SDS/PAGE and western blotting using antiserum to mature FmdD showed it was induced by short-chain amides and urea, and repressed by excess ammonia. The derived amino acid sequences of FmdE (32 822 Da) and FmdF (incomplete; Ͼ 25435 Da) were similar to the transmembrane proteins BraD/LivH and BraE/LivM, respectively, in various leucine/isoleucine/valine transport systems. Uptake of [ 14 C]urea by washed cells was inhibited by the uncoupling agent carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone and unlabelled formamide. It is concluded that FmdDEF comprise part of a high-affinity, binding-protein-dependent active-transport system for short-chain amides and urea in M. methylotrophus.
The genes coding for the binding-protein-dependent lactose transport system and beta-galactosidase in Agrobacterium radiobacter strain AR50 were cloned and partially sequenced. A novel lac operon was identified which contains genes coding for a lactose-binding protein (lacE), two integral membrane proteins (lacF and lacG), an ATP-binding protein (lacK) and beta-galactosidase (lacZ). The operon is transcribed in the order lacEFGZK. The operon is controlled by an upstream regulatory region containing putative -35 and -10 promoter sites, an operator site, a CRP-binding site probably mediating catabolite repression by glucose and galactose, and a regulatory gene (lacl) encoding a repressor protein which mediates induction by lactose and other galactosides in wild-type A. radiobacter (but not in strain AR50, thus allowing constitutive expression of the lac operon). The derived amino acid sequences of the gene products indicate marked similarities with other binding-protein-dependent transport systems in bacteria.
Agrobacterium radiobacter NCIB 11883 was grown in glucose-limited continuous culture at low dilution rate. Whole cells transported glucose using an energy-dependent mechanism which exhibited an accumulation ratio greater than 2000. Three major periplasmic proteins were purified and their potential role as glucose-binding proteins (GBP) were investigated using equilibrium dialysis. Two of these, GBP1 (Mr 36,500) and GBP2 (Mr 33,500), bound D-glucose with high affinity (KD 0.23 and 0.07 microM respectively), whereas the third protein (Mr 30,500) showed no binding ability. Competition experiments using various analogues showed that those which differed from glucose at C-6 (e.g. 6-chloro-6-deoxy-D-glucose and 6-deoxy-D-glucose) variably decreased the binding of glucose to both GBP1 and GBP2, whereas those which differed at C-4 (e.g. D-galactose) were only effective with GBP1. The rate of glucose uptake and the concentration of the glucose-binding proteins increased in parallel during prolonged growth under glucose-limitation due to the emergence of new strains in which GBP1 (e.g. strain AR18) or GBP2 (e.g. strain AR9), but not both, was hyperproduced and accounted for at least 27% of the total cell protein. It is concluded that A. radiobacter synthesizes two distinct periplasmic binding proteins which are involved in glucose transport, and that these proteins are maximally derepressed during growth under glucose limitation.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa NM48, a non-mucoid derivative of an alginate-producing strain isolated from a cystic fibrosis patient, was grown in batch culture with glycerol, glucose or succinate as carbon source, and in continuous culture (D 0.05 h-1) under glycerol or glucose limitation. Glycerol uptake, glycerol kinase and glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase were induced by glycerol, but not by glucose or succinate. Linear uptake of [14C]glycerol by washed cells (Km < or = 2 microM) was inhibited by unlabelled glycerol and glyceraldehyde, but not by cyanide or the uncoupling agent carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone (FCCP), and was accompanied by substantial intracellular accumulation of glycerol-3-phosphate and/or dihydroxyacetone phosphate but not glycerol. Prolonged growth under glycerol limitation led to substantial increases in the activities and/or concentrations of the enzymes catalysing glycerol uptake and metabolism, together with a 48,000 M(r) outer-membrane protein which was also over-expressed following prolonged growth under glucose limitation. The N-terminal amino acid sequence (AEAFSPN-) and electrophoretic properties of this protein were the same as those of the previously characterized glucose porin (OprB) from P. aeruginosa, indicating that this porin is active with both glucose and glycerol. It is concluded that during growth under glycerol limitation, glycerol is transported into P. aeruginosa NM48 via OprB and a high-affinity, binding-protein-independent facilitated-diffusion system.
Binding-protein-dependent sugar transport has been investigated in Agrobacterium radiobacter and A. tumefaciens. A. radiobacter contained two high-affinity glucose-binding proteins (GBP1 and GBP2) that additionally bound D-galactose (KD 0.26 microM) and D-xylose (KD 0.04 microM) respectively and were involved in the transport of these sugars. Partial sequencing of GBP1 and GBP2 showed that GBP2 exhibited significant homology with both the arabinose-binding protein (ABP) and the galactose-binding protein (GalBP) from Escherichia coli, whereas GBP1 exhibited significant homology only with ABP. Antiserum raised against GBP1 cross-reacted with GBP1 but not with GBP2, and vice versa. Anti-GBP1 and anti-GBP2 also cross-reacted with proteins corresponding to GBP1 and GBP2 respectively in A. tumefaciens, but little or no cross-reaction was observed with selected members of the Enterobacteriaceae, Rhizobiaceae and Pseudomonadaceae families grown under glucose limitation. GBP1 was less strongly repressed than GBP2 following batch growth of A. radiobacter on various carbon sources. The growth of A. radiobacter for more than approximately 10 generations in continuous culture under galactose or xylose limitation (D 0.045 h-1) led to the emergence of new strains which exhibited increased rates of glucose/galactose or glucose/xylose uptake, and which respectively hyperproduced GBP1 (strain AR18a) or GBP2 (strain AR9a). Similarly, growth of A. tumefaciens for more than approximately 15 generations under glucose or galactose limitation produced new strains which exhibited increased rates of glucose/xylose or glucose/galactose uptake and which respectively hyperproduced proteins analogous to GBP2 (strain AT9) or GBP1 (strain AT18a). It is concluded that growth of Agrobacterium species under carbon-limited conditions leads to the predictable emergence of new strains which specifically hyperproduce the transport system for the limiting nutrient. The GBP1-dependent system of A. radiobacter is unique amongst these transport systems in that the mutations that lead to its hyperproduction under carbon limitation render it least susceptible to repression by excess glucose during ammonia limitation, with the result that succinoglucan exopolysaccharide is produced from glucose at an enhanced rate.
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