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Caminhos da saúde pública no BrasilJacobo Finkelman (Org.
Urban Air Pollution: General Knowledge To obtain a better knowledge of urban pollution in Latin America and 1166 the Caribbean, we conducted a survey in the 32 countries of the region. The results of this survey are presented according to four groups: (1) Mexico, (2) Central America
La salud ambiental se establece en México como disciplina a principios de los noventa retomando la tradición sanitarista del siglo pasado e incorporando nuevo conocimiento generado por la epidemiología y la toxicología ambiental. Durante la última década se han presentado avances en la revisión y actualización de la normatividad, se han diseñado programas y políticas para reducir la exposición a contaminantes y se han consolidado grupos de investigación y docencia en el área. Sin embargo, la mayoría de los problemas previamente diagnosticados prevalecen y se han incorporados nuevos riesgos a la salud producto del deterioro ambiental (contaminación atmosférica, exposición a tóxicos, cambio climático). Resulta necesario replantear el modelo de gobernanza en salud ambiental en México desde una perspectiva transectorial. Se propone crear un Programa Nacional de Salud Ambiental, actualizar el diagnóstico en el ámbito nacional y regional, fortalecer la enseñanza e investigación así como desarrollar un sistema integrado de vigilancia en salud ambiental.
É inegável que a discussão sobre saúde, meio ambiente e desenvolvimento sustentável tem progredido muito em décadas recentes. Contudo, ganhos globais não têm sido distribuídos de maneira uniforme, deixando grandes grupos populacionais excluídos, com conseqüências negativas à saúde. Também estamos começando a reconhecer problemas globais emergentes que causam impactos locais significativos, principalmente em populações pobres, tanto em áreas rurais como urbanas. A saúde ambiental está numa encruzilhada, em que novos modelos e parcerias são necessários. Este artigo explora essas questões especificamente em relação aos países latino-americanos e caribenhos.
In 2009, the WHO Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR) and the International Development Research Centre (IDRC) launched a call for innovative community-based ecosystem management research projects for dengue and Chagas disease prevention in low and middle income countries in Latin America and the Caribbean. Eight research institutions were selected. The outputs of these projects led to a better understanding of the interaction between ecological, biological, social and economic (eco-bio-social) determinants of dengue and Chagas disease in Latin America and the Caribbean. Both diseases are considered highly relevant in the regional health agendas.
Although animal toxicology and clinical case studies are important in the assessment of environmental health risks, there is no substitute for well-designed and well-conducted epidemiology studies. Epidemiological investigations can provide invaluable information on the associations between environmental exposures and health effects and may reduce the uncertainty of the extrapolations from animals to humans and sometimes from high to low exposures. Environmental health policies and risk assessment activities may be better formulated when reliable human data are available and used. While industry on one hand complains that environmental regulations are excessive, on the other hand, environmentalists contend that risk assessment, as it is conducted, sometimes does not protect human and environmental health. These types of issues are not confined only to regulators; they are very much a part of the scientific community as well. It is quite obvious that better science may lead to better decisions and management, including regulations.
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