Fundamental challenges faced by real-time animal activity recognition include variation in motion data due to changing sensor orientations, numerous features, and energy and processing constraints of animal tags. This paper aims at finding small optimal feature sets that are lightweight and robust to the sensor's orientation. Our approach comprises four main steps. First, 3D feature vectors are selected since they are theoretically independent of orientation. Second, the least interesting features are suppressed to speed up computation and increase robustness against overfitting. Third, the features are further selected through an embedded method, which selects features through simultaneous feature selection and classification. Finally, feature sets are optimized through 10-fold cross-validation. We collected real-world data through multiple sensors around the neck of five goats. The results show that activities can be accurately recognized using only accelerometer data and a few lightweight features. Additionally, we show that the performance is robust to sensor orientation and position. A simple Naive Bayes classifier using only a single feature achieved an accuracy of 94 % with our empirical dataset. Moreover, our optimal feature set yielded an average of 94 % accuracy when applied with six other classifiers. This work supports embedded, real-time, energy-efficient, and robust activity recognition for animals.
Between 1960 and 1990, 95% of the black rhino population in the world was killed. In South Africa, a rhino was killed every 8 h for its horn throughout 2016. Wild animals, rhinos and elephants, in particular, are facing an ever increasing poaching crisis. In this paper, we review poaching detection technologies that aim to save endangered species from extinction. We present requirements for effective poacher detection and identify research challenges through the survey. We describe poaching detection technologies in four domains: perimeter based, ground based, aerial based, and animal tagging based technologies. Moreover, we discuss the different types of sensor technologies that are used in intruder detection systems such as: radar, magnetic, acoustic, optic, infrared and thermal, radio frequency, motion, seismic, chemical, and animal sentinels. The ultimate long-term solution for the poaching crisis is to remove the drivers of demand by educating people in demanding countries and raising awareness of the poaching crisis. Until prevention of poaching takes effect, there will be a continuous urgent need for new (combined) approaches that take up the research challenges and provide better protection against poaching in wildlife areas.
Animal behaviour is a commonly-used and sensitive indicator of animal welfare. Moreover, the behaviour of animals can provide rich information about their environment. For online activity recognition on collar tags of animals, fundamental challenges include: limited energy resources, limited CPU and memory availability, and heterogeneity of animals. In this paper, we propose to tackle these challenges with a framework that employs Multitask Learning for embedded platforms. We train the classifiers with shared training data and a shared feature-representation. We show that Multitask Learning has a significant positive effect on the performance of the classifiers. Furthermore, we compare 7 types of classifiers in terms of resource usage and activity recognition performance on real-world movement data from goats and sheep. A Deep Neural Network could obtain an accuracy of 94 % when tested with the data from both species. Our results show that a Deep Neural Network performs the best among the compared classifiers in terms of complexity versus performance. This work supports the development of a robust generic classifier that can run on a small embedded system with good performance, as well as sustain the lifetime of online activity recognition systems.
Movement data were collected at a riding stable over seven days. The dataset comprises data from 18 individual horses and ponies with 1.2 million 2-s data samples, of which 93,303 samples have been tagged with labels (labeled data). Data from 11 subjects were labeled. The data from six subjects and six activities were labeled more extensively. Data were collected during horse riding sessions and when the horses freely roamed the pasture over seven days. Sensor devices were attached to a collar that was positioned around the neck of horses. The orientation of the sensor devices was not strictly fixed. The sensors devices contained a three-axis accelerometer, gyroscope, and magnetometer and were sampled at 100 Hz.
We describe and analyze a dataset that comprises horse movement. Data was collected during horse riding sessions and when the horses freely roamed the pasture over 7 days. The dataset comprises 1.8 million 2-second data samples from 18 individual horses, of which 93303 samples from 11 subjects were labeled. Sensor devices were attached to a collar around the neck of the horses while the orientation was not fixed. The devices contained a 3-axis accelerometer, gyroscope, and magnetometer that were sampled at 100 Hz. To demonstrate how this dataset can be used, we evaluated a Naive Bayes classifier with leave-one-out validation. Our results show that a performance of 90 % accuracy can be achieved using only the 3D acceleration vector as input. Furthermore, we demonstrate the effect of increased complexity, parameter tuning, and class balancing on classification performance and identify open research challenges. The complete dataset is available online with open access at the 4TU.Centre for Research Data [9]. CCS CONCEPTS• Information systems → Data mining; • Theory of computation → Machine learning theory.
Background The ability to automatically count animals is important to design appropriate environmental policies and to monitor their populations in relation to biodiversity and maintain balance among species. Out of all living mammals on Earth, 60% are livestock, 36% humans, and only 4% are animals that live in the wild. In a relatively short period, development of human civilization caused a loss of 83% of wildlife and 50% of plants. The rate of species extinction is accelerating. Traditional wildlife surveys provide rough population estimates. However, emerging technologies, such as aerial photography, allow to perform large-scale surveys in a short period of time with high accuracy. In this paper, we propose the use of computer vision, through deep learning (DL) architecture, together with aerial photography and density maps, to count the population of Steller sea lions and African elephants with high precision. Results We have trained two deep learning models, a basic UNet without any feature extractor (Model-1) and another with the EfficientNet-B5 feature extractor (Model-2). We measured the model’s prediction accuracy, using Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) for the predicted and actual animal count. The results showed an RMSE of 1.88 and 0.60 to count Steller sea lions and African elephants, respectively, regardless of complex background, different illumination conditions, heavy overlapping and occlusion of the animals. Conclusions Our proposed solution performed very well in the counting prediction problem, with relatively low training parameters and minimum annotation. The approach adopted, combining DL and density maps, provided better results than state-of-art deep learning models used for counting, indicating that the proposed method has the potential to be used more widely in large-scale wildlife surveying projects and initiatives.
thesis may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means without permission of the author. Alle rechten voorbehouden. Niets uit deze uitgave mag worden vermenigvuldigd, in enige vorm of op enige wijze, zonder voorafgaande schriftelijke toestemming van de auteur. GRADUATION COMMITTEE: Chairman/secretary prof. dr. J.N. Kok Supervisor prof. dr. P.J.M. Havinga Members prof. dr. ir. P.H. Veltink prof. dr. A.K. Skidmore prof. dr. B.J.A. Krose prof. dr. K. van Laerhoven No one can pass through life, any more than he can pass through a bit of country, without leaving tracks behind, and those tracks may often be helpful to those coming after him in finding their way.
Abstract-The proliferation of smartphones nowadays has enabled many crowd assisted applications including audiobased sensing. In such applications, detected sound sources are meaningless without location information. However, it is challenging to localize sound sources accurately in a crowd using only microphones integrated in smartphones without existing infrastructures, such as dedicated microphone sensor systems. The main reason is that a smartphone is a nondeterministic platform that produces large and unpredictable variance in data measurements. Most existing localization methods are deterministic algorithms that are ill suited or cannot be applied to sound source localization using only smartphones. In this paper, we propose a distributed localization scheme using nondeterministic algorithms. We use the multiple possible outcomes of nondeterministic algorithms to weed out the effect of outliers in data measurements and improve the accuracy of sound localization. We then proposed to optimize the cost function using least absolute deviations rather than ordinary least squares to lessen the influence of the outliers. To evaluate our proposal, we conduct a testbed experiment with a set of 16 Android devices and 9 sound sources. The experiment results show that our nondeterministic localization algorithm achieves a root mean square error (RMSE) of 1.19 m, which is close to the Cramer-Rao bound (0.8 m). Meanwhile, the best RMSE of compared deterministic algorithms is 2.64 m.
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