This study analyzed changes in CenTrends gridded precipitation (1961–2015) and Potential Evapotranspiration (PET; 1961–2008) across the Lake Kyoga Basin (LKB). PET was computed from gridded temperature of the Princeton Global Forcings. Correlation between precipitation or PET and climate indices was analyzed. PET in the Eastern LKB exhibited an increase (p > 0.05). March–April–May precipitation decreased (p > 0.05) in most parts of the LKB. However, September–October–November (SON) precipitation generally exhibited a positive trend. Rates of increase in the SON precipitation were higher in the Eastern part where Mt. Elgon is located than at other locations. Record shows that Bududa district at the foot of Mt. Elgon experienced a total of 8, 5, and 6 landslides over the periods 1818–1959, 1960–2009, and 2010–2019, respectively. It is highly probable that these landslides have recently become more frequent than in the past due to the increasing precipitation. The largest amounts of variance in annual precipitation (38.9%) and PET (41.2%) were found to be explained by the Indian Ocean Dipole. These were followed by precipitation (17.9%) and PET (21.9%) variance explained by the Atlantic multidecadal oscillation, and North Atlantic oscillation, respectively. These findings are vital for predictive adaptation to the impacts of climate variability on water resources.

No abstract

The sustainability of the granitised aquifer system of the Kyoga catchment has been threatened by the ever increasing population that will lead to over exploitation of the groundwater resource. Uganda's freshwater is considered a key strategic resource which is vital for sustaining life, promoting development and maintaining the environment. The increasing pressure from domestic, industrialization and urbanization, agricultural as food security and hydropower uses due to population and industrial growth combined with environmental degradation and extreme poverty are relatively putting pressure on the quantity and quality of water resources. Groundwater quality in Uganda is originally influenced by the rainwater in some areas and the Nile, which recharge the aquifers from where boreholes are drilled and dug up wells. Boreholes data show the highest degree of mineralisation with relative enrichment of nearly all tested elements and is due to the ability of aggressive groundwater to decompose the relatively fresh minerals in the bedrock fractures. Plots of boreholes situated in these aquifers of Pallisa represent a regime where there is calcium enrichment, which is typical of lime dosing to neutralize acid waters. The plot of water contains approximately 70% Ca, 70% Mg, 80% TAlk, 10% Cl and 10% SO 4 . This is typical of calcium/magnesium bicarbonate waters. Higher concentrations of aluminium are observed in the regolith while low levels in the bedrock. The significantly lower level of aluminium in the bedrock aquifer provide further support for the notion of relatively limited hydraulic interaction between the two units. An urgent need for a holistic approach to water resources management is required to protect the available water resources and to satisfy the sometimesconflicting demands while ensuring sustainable water resources development. Collection and analysis of water resources related data and information is one of the priority areas for the water resources management sub-sector.

No abstract

Most of the real contaminant problems are defined domains that are geometrically complex and can have different boundary conditions in different areas. Therefore, it is usually difficult to find a solution analytically, so we use the approximate method to generate an approximate function. One answer to this problem is the finite element approach (FEM). This study presents a partial differential equation (PDE) simulation system that uses numerical techniques for the distribution of pollutant concentrations in groundwater in space and time. The movement of the liquid is described by the incompressible steady-state Navier-Strokes equation, while the transport of pollutants is described by the diffusion-convention equation. The variation formulation that forms the basis of FEM and MATLAB is discussed along with the selection of the abstract approximation space and the welfare of the weak formulation. The motivation for this study comes from a specific and considered water body with the discharge of factory effluents on the ground that ends up reducing the quality of groundwater. First, the fluid flow equation is solved to obtain velocity and pressure profiles. Steady-state concentration profiles were obtained for various values of diffusion coefficient ( D ), baseline, and input concentrations. The results showed that decreasing the diffusion coefficient D increased the number of pollutants for convective transport and decreased the number of pollutants that diffused from the entrance. Although groundwater is not completely safe, it is concluded that experimental studies are necessary decision-making basis for water resource protection, especially in water pollution emergencies.