Outcome from zygomycosis varies as a function of the underlying condition, site of infection, and use of antifungal therapy.

The impact of candidemia on excess mortality, increased length of stay, and the burden of cost of hospitalization underscores the need for improved means of prevention and treatment of candidemia in adults and children.

Zygomycosis is a life-threatening infection in children with neutropenia, diabetes mellitus, and prematurity as common predisposing factors, and there is high mortality in untreated disease, disseminated infection, and age <1 year. Amphotericin B and surgery significantly improve outcome.

The impact of IA on increases in mortality, length of hospital stay, and the burden of cost in the hospital setting underscores the need for improved means of diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of IA in immunocompromised children.

We performed a retrospective cohort study, using the 2002 Nationwide Inpatient Sample, a national database of hospital inpatient stays, to describe the incidence and epidemiology of endemic mycoses requiring hospitalization. An estimated 332 pediatric and 6003 adult patients with endemic mycoses required hospitalization (4.6 and 28.7 cases per 1 million children and adults, respectively). Crude mortality rates were 5% and 7% among children and adults, respectively.

Receipt of extended-spectrum cephalosporins in the 30 days before infection by an Escherichia coli or Klebsiella species is significantly associated with having an ESBL-EK infection in hospitalized children. Curtailed use of cephalosporins among high-risk groups may reduce the occurrence of ESBL-EK infections. Future studies on identifying high-risk children and investigating the impact of curtailed third-generation cephalosporin use to limit additional emergence of ESBL-EK infections should be undertaken.

Interventions to reduce CVC-associated complications should be developed and evaluated, particularly for young children and those from families with low household incomes. Clinical trials are needed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of oral antibiotic therapy after a short course of IV therapy as an alternative to prolonged IV therapy.

CA-MRSA strains recovered from children with RF-HAI were phenotypically similar to those recovered from healthy children The absence of SCCmec type II or III MRSA among children with RF-HAI suggests that CA-MRSA strains might have become endemic within pediatric health care facilities.