This study likely underestimates the challenge of long-term adherence, as adherence tends to be better in research studies than in clinical practice. This study also did not fully account for primary nonadherence. Adherence to topical treatment is low in the short term and decreased further in the long term, a considerable challenge for dermatologists to address. A reporting intervention may be one of the ways we can improve our patients' treatment outcomes.

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Background: The major lineages of eusocial insects, the ants, termites, stingless bees, honeybees and vespid wasps, all have ancient origins (≥ 65 mya) with no reversions to solitary behaviour. This has prompted the notion of a 'point of no return' whereby the evolutionary elaboration and integration of behavioural, genetic and morphological traits over a very long period of time leads to a situation where reversion to solitary living is no longer an evolutionary option.

The evolutionary origins of social parasitism are very unevenly distributed among ants, bees and wasps, but social parasite lineages are frequently close relatives of their host lineages. Two explanations for these relationships have been proposed: (1) initially, social species are more likely to become parasitic on relatively closely related social species, because they share life history, physiological and behavioural traits that allow successful integration within the host colony; and (2) social parasites have evolved directly from their host lineage via sympatric speciation. Comparative approaches, covering multiple origins and intermediate evolutionary stages, are needed to determine which of these possibilities is more likely. We use molecular phylogenetics to examine multiple origins of parasitism in the bee tribe Allodapini. We identify seven origins resulting in obligate social parasitism (inquilinism), one origin of facultative social parasitism, which was followed by subsequent speciation and where both daughter species remained facultatively parasitic, and one case of frequent facultative heterospecific co‐nesting that probably represents incipient social parasitism. All host–parasite lineage pairs show strong phylogenetic affinities, but only the case of facultative heterospecific nesting involves true sister species relationships. Our results are consistent with the range of parasitic relationships that are expected under an allopatric model for the origin of social parasitism, but are highly problematic for a sympatric speciation model. © 2013 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2013, 109, 320–331.

Social parasitism has been researched extensively in many taxa of social insects, including ants, wasps and bees. However, little research has been done on allodapine bees, a taxon that has numerous independent origins of social parasitism. This study looks at two species of Macrogalea from Madagascar, one of which was previously believed to be a social parasite. Macrogalea is an important genus to study as it is the sister clade to all other allodapine genera, and the species of Macrogalea in Madagascar diverged recently, meaning that the study of a social parasite in this genera would provide insights into the very early stages of social parasite evolution. Macrogalea maizina was determined to be facultatively parasitic based on the presence of many traits that are common to other allodapine social parasites. The host, Macrogalea antanosy, was found to be quasisocial, with most females within a colony being able to reproduce. This has unique consequences for a parasitic strategy, as any invading parasite has no need to remove a queen or suppress the reproduction of the other colony members, a strategy that has been commonly observed for facultative parasites in other taxa.

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Biologic treatment options provide a major improvement over older systemic treatments, but patients still undergo frequent treatment changes to help control their disease.

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