Emergent and potentially invasive weevils are a permanent threat to the survival of palm plantations. Hence, understanding the role of emergent pests may be key for preventing future phytosanitary emergencies. In the present study, the role of Rhynchophorus palmarum L. and Dynamis borassi F. (both Coleoptera: Curculionidae) as main causative agents of the peach palm (Bactris gasipaes Kunth; Arecaceae) crown toppling problem were investigated, and the damage was described in 36 farms in the principal production areas of Colombia. A management strategy with the use of 2 pheromones (Rhynchophorol and Ferrolure) in 2 production areas also was evaluated. In total, 4,098 palms were examined from Nov 2017 to Feb 2019. Visible damage oscillated between 0 to 70% of palms affected and was highest on the Pacific coast. Larvae of D. borassi were found exclusively in the inflorescences suggesting that it initiates the damage. Meanwhile, adults of D. borassi and all stages of R. palmarum were recovered from stem damages. Also, new reports of damage were confirmed at the southern Pacific coast, the Andes, and the Amazon region. A total of 8,239 D. borassi and 2,886 R. palmarum were captured in pheromone traps for 14 mo on the Pacific coast. The traps baited with Ferrolure + Rhynchophorol captured a greater number of D. borassi specimens. The data strongly confirm the central role of D. borassi in peach palm damage. Therefore, it is recommended strongly that pheromones be used to prevent further spread of this pest in other countries of this region and to protect palm industries.
Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae are considered virulent pathogens of the coconut weevil Rhynchophorus palmarum (Linnaeus). The objective of this study was to determine the ability of B. bassiana (Beauveriplant SBb36) and M. anisopliae (JGVM1) to establish an endophytic relationship with coconut Cocos nucifera (Linnaeus) seedlings. Strains were selected based on the mortality of adults of R. palmarum exposed to these fungi. Three methods of inoculation were used to inoculate the seedlings obtained through seed germination: foliar spray, stem injection and drench to the roots. Immersion of seedlings in a conidial suspension was used to inoculate seedlings obtained from tissue culture. Colonization was determined through the re-isolation of the fungi four weeks after inoculation. Beauveriplant SBb36 and JGVM1 colonized endophytically 100% of the seedlings obtained through tissue culture and 91.6% of seedlings obtained from germinated seeds. For plants inoculated by immersion with B. bassiana, the colonization rate in petioles (43%) was higher than in leaves and roots, 14 and 17%, respectively. Metarhizium anisopliae did not show significant differences in the colonization rate in leaves, petioles and roots. Plants inoculated by foliar spraying showed that colonization was higher in leaves > petioles > stems > roots. Colonization in stem injection was higher in stems than in the roots. Soil drench inoculation was higher in roots > stems. To our knowledge, this is the first report describing the endophytic relationship that B. bassiana and M. anisopliae establish with coconut seedlings obtained through seed germination and tissue culture when targeted inoculations are performed. SBb36 de B. bassiana y la cepa JGVM1 de M. anisopliae, para establecer una relación endofítica con plantas de coco Cocos nucifera (Linnaeus) obtenidas a partir de semilla sexual y de cultivo de tejidos. Se evaluaron diferentes métodos de inoculación: aspersión foliar, inyección en tallo y aplicación de suspensión conidial en las raíces, fueron usados para inocular plantas obtenidas a partir de semilla sexual, mientras que el método de inmersión fue usado para inocular plantas obtenidas a partir de cultivo de tejidos. El porcentaje de colonización en diferentes tejidos de las plantas se determinó a través del re-aislamiento de los hongos cuatro semanas después de la inoculación. Las cepas Beauveria bassiana (Beauveriplant SBb36) y Metarhizium anisopliae (JGVM1) colonizaron endofíticamente el 100% de las plantas de coco obtenidas a partir de cultivo Chilean J. Agric. Anim. Sci., ex Agro-Ciencia (2020) 36(1): 4 3-13. de tejidos y el 91.6% de las plantas de coco obtenidas por semilla sexual. En el presente estudio, se reporta por primera vez que B. bassiana and M. anisopliae establecen una relación de endofitismo con plántulas de coco obtenidas a partir de la germinación de semilla sexual y cultivo de tejidos a través de inoculaciones dirigidas. RESUMEN Beauveria bassiana y Metarhizium anisopliae son considerados patógenos virulentos...
The study area pertains to the Chocó Biogeography, one of the most biodiverse areas in the world, where around 40,000 ha of rainforest has been cleared for oil palm plantations. We surveyed the ant species’ richness and diversity in four differently disturbed areas in Tumaco, Colombia, using pitfall traps and Winkler sacks. Study sites were two oil palm plantations of three- and seven- years’ existence, a peach palm plantation Bactris gasipaes of 20 years, and an area of secondary forest of 10 years. A total of 93 ant species or morphospecies, comprising 31 genera in 8 subfamilies were identified. The subfamily Myrmicinae had the highest number of species (57), followed by Ponerinae (10) and Formicinae (9). The hybrid palm oil plantations harbored 46 species (7 years) and 50 species (3 years), respectively, while the peach palm plantation was composed of 53 species, and the secondary forest had 62 species. Ectatomma ruidum was the most dominant species in the oil palm plots (≥ 80% of specimen), but significantly less in the peach palm and secondary forest. The most species-rich genera were Pheidole spp. (23) and Solenopsis spp. (13). No differences were observed in the ant species’ diversity between the secondary forest and peach palm, contrasting with the significant differences between the secondary forest and the two oil palm areas. A comparison with studies in natural areas suggests that the oil palm monocultures have dramatically reduced the species’ richness and that ten years of recovery does not bring back anything close to the original diversity.
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