Mounting evidence shows that artificial light at night (ALAN) alters biological processes across levels of organization, from cells to communities. Yet, the combined impacts of ALAN and natural sources of night-time illumination remain little explored. This is in part due the lack of accurate simulations of the complex changes moonlight intensity, timing and spectra throughout a single night and lunar cycles in laboratory experiments. We custom-built a novel system to simulate natural patterns of moonlight to test how different ALAN intensities affect predator–prey relationships over the full lunar cycle. Exposure to high intensity ALAN (10 and 50 lx) reversed the natural lunar-guided foraging pattern by the gastropod mesopredator Nucella lapillus on its prey Semibalanus balanoides . Foraging decreased during brighter moonlight in naturally lit conditions. When exposed to high intensity ALAN, foraging increased with brighter moonlight. Low intensity ALAN (0.1 and 0.5 lx) had no impact on foraging. Our results show that ALAN alters the foraging pattern guided by changes in moonlight brightness. ALAN impacts on ecosystems can depend on lunar light cycles. Accurate simulations of night-time light cycle will warrant more realistic insights into ALAN impacts and also facilitate advances in fundamental night-time ecology and chronobiology.
IS difficult to discuss the housing at Thamesmead t without referring to the basic planning principles of the whole scheme. Once decisions had been taken on the main planning requirements, the comprehensive design of the town, including the housing component, developed as a unified idea. The major civic design decisions on scale and form arose from the characteristics of the site and the requirements for housing and ancillary services. The housing proposals in the project were not formulated after a traditional development plan had been established; the growth of the broad planning and civic design framework and the detailed design of the housing proceeded in parallel, each influencing the other.If a design of quality is to be produced such an interplay of broad conception and detailed planning is essential when dealing with a development of the diversity of use and scale of Thamesmead. With an average nett residential density of 100 p.p.a. it is the highest density new town in the country. This level made an overall design study in depth necessary before housing design could be established in detail. Hence the very architectural character of the master design.Because the scheme has been expressed in this form, it does not mean that it cannot and will not be subject to change. Indeed the details of the overall design now differ in many respects from those first proposed. But the modifications which from time to time will be made necessary as a result of further study and changing circumstances can start from a firmly established set of principles because of the work done to produce the approved master design.By mid 1966 this master design for Thamesmead had developed to the stage where firm detailed designs could be prepared for the first stage of the housing development.
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