The aim of the study was to locate and describe groundwater outflows in a selected lake basin and measure the spring output of water and the physical characteristics of the studied waters (temperature and conductivity). The final aim was to gauge the effects of the spring output on the lake hydrology. The time scope of the work included the period from January 2011 to September 2012. The spatial scope of the work included the area of Lake Raduńskie Górne and its direct catchment located in the Kashubian Lake District in northern Poland. Four groundwater outflows were located in the course of the study. Their total output was 4.6 L s −1 and ranged between 0.5 and 2.5 L s −1. This produces an annual yield of about 145 000 m 3 year −1. These results confirm that one of the forms of supply to the lakes are the under-lake springs. For lakes located in the area of young glacial accumulation this can be decisive.
: The aim of the study was to locate and describe groundwater outflows in a selected lake basin. The second aim was to measure spring discharge and measure physical characteristics of the studied waters ( temperature, conductivity ). The time scope of the work comprised the period from January 2011 to September 2012. The spatial scope of the work included the area of Lake Raduńskie Górne located in the Kashubian Lake District in northern Poland. The study consisted mostly of fieldwork and reviewing archived materials. Four groundwater outflows were located in the course of the study. Their total discharge was 4.6 l·s -1 and ranged between 0.5 and 2.5 l·s . This value is comparable to that for other lakes in the world. In effect, Lake Raduńskie Górne receives about 0.15% of its water from under-lake springs. This is a minute value in comparison with the lake's total groundwater recharge ( 97 mln m 3 per year ). However, it must be assumed that the actual number of under-lake springs is many times greater than that identified in the course of this study, which means that the share of water supplied in this manner is likely much higher and its effect on water chemistry and water levels in the lake is also likely much more pronounced.
The aim of the study was to locate and describe groundwater outflows in a selected lake basin. The study hypothesis was based on the fact that, according to the specialist literature, one of the forms of lake water supply is through groundwater outflows. It was also assumed that the lakes of the Kashubian Lake District are characterised by such a form of lake water supply. The time scope of the work included the period from January 2011 to September 2012. The spatial scope of the work included the area of Lake Raduńskie Górne, located in the Kashubian Lake District in north Poland. The research plot was in the north-eastern part of the lake. Office works were aimed at gathering and studying source materials and maps. Cartographic materials were analysed with the use of the MapInfo Professional 9.5. The purpose of the field work was to find the groundwater outflows in the basin of Lake Raduńskie Górne. During the field research diving was carried out in the lake. During the dive audiovisual documentation was conducted using a Nikon D90 camera with Ikelite underwater housing for Nikon D90 and an Ikelite DS 161 movie substrobe, as well as a GoPro HD HERO 2 Outdoor camera. During the project, four groundwater outflows were found. In order to examine these springs audiovisual and photographic documentation was made. To systematise the typology of the discovered springs, new nomenclature was suggested, namely under-lake springs with subtypes: an under-lake slope spring and under-lake offshore spring.
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