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The penicillin derivative amoxicillin (AMX) plays an important role in treating various types of infections caused by bacteria. However, excessive use of AMX may have negative health effects. Therefore, it is of utmost importance to detect and quantify the AMX in pharmaceutical drugs, biological fluids, and environmental samples with high sensitivity. Therefore, this review article provides valuable and up‐to‐date information on nanostructured material‐based optical and electrochemical sensors to detect AMX in various biological and chemical samples. The role of using different nanostructured materials on the performance of important optical sensors such as colorimetric sensors, fluorescence sensors, surface‐enhanced Raman scattering sensors, chemiluminescence/electroluminescence sensors, optical immunosensors, optical fibre‐based sensors, and several important electrochemical sensors based on different electrode types have been discussed. Moreover, nanocomposites, polymer, and MXenes‐based electrochemical sensors have also been discussed, in which such materials are being used to further enhance the sensitivity of these sensors. Furthermore, nanocomposite‐based photo‐electrochemical sensors and the market availability of biosensors including AMX have also been discussed briefly. Finally, the conclusion, challenges, and future perspectives of the above‐mentioned sensing techniques for AMX detection are presented.

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Graphene oxide (GO)‐based membranes have been widely investigated for separation of dyes, salt ions, heavy metal ions, and biomolecules due to their high mechanical strength, single‐layered structure, large surface area, and high affinity. However, due to irregular pore structure, nanochannels, interlayer distance, easy functionalization, swelling effect, and chemical stability under aqueous environment limited their separation efficiency. In this review, different fabrication methods of GO membranes are summarized. The role of functionalization and cross‐linking on membrane's structural properties, separation performance, and practical applications are discussed. Further, the GO‐based membranes (GOMs) for separation and removal of heavy metal ions are discussed in detail. The factors which influence the separation performance are also highlighted. Finally, recommendations and future directions are suggested.

Iron oxide nanoparticle (ION)-based ferro-nanofluids (FNs) have been used for different technological applications owing to their excellent magneto-rheological properties. A comprehensive overview of the current advancement of FNs based on IONs for various engineering applications is unquestionably necessary. Hence, in this review article, various important advanced technological applications of ION-based FNs concerning different engineering fields are critically summarized. The chemical engineering applications are mainly focused on mass transfer processes. Similarly, the electrical and electronics engineering applications are mainly focused on magnetic field sensors, FN-based temperature sensors and tilt sensors, microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) and on-chip components, actuators, and cooling for electronic devices and photovoltaic thermal systems. On the other hand, environmental engineering applications encompass water and air purification. Moreover, mechanical engineering or magneto-rheological applications include dampers and sealings. This review article provides up-to-date information related to the technological advancements and emerging trends in ION-based FN research concerning various engineering fields, as well as discusses the challenges and future perspectives.

In this work, porous silicon (P-Si) structures were fabricated by anodizing n-type monocrystalline Si into an ethanoic-HF solution. Anisotropic electrochemical etching with constant time and current density was carried out to fabricate pores and their average diameter was found to be ~700 nm. Raman spectra exhibited widened peaks for red, blue, and green wavelengths. The widened photoluminescence (PL) spectrum was blue-shifted owing to the quantum confinement effect. The P-Si exhibited an energy gap of 1.80 eV and manifested a direct bandgap. The photoresponse of the fabricated P-Si based device was studied at different laser irradiation wavelengths in the range of 400-1100 nm. The best photoresponse was observed for 785 nm wavelength and the corresponding sensitivity was determined to be 9.4%. Hence, the P-Si can potentially be used for visible range photodetectors.

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