Background: Due to low adherence to treatment and side effects of pharmacotherapy, using new brain stimulation, such as transcranial direct current stimulation in patients with anxiety disorders are available. Objectives: The present research was performed to evaluate the efficacy of transcranial direct current stimulation and compare tDCS with pharmacotherapy on reduction of worry, depression, and anxiety in a group of Iranian patients with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). Methods: This study was a quasi-experimental research. A total of 18 patients (46% females and 64% males) with GAD were randomly assigned either to tDCS, pharmacotherapy or sham conditions. Stimulation was delivered over the contralateral deltoid at 2 m/A during 20 minutes in 10 sessions of 4 weeks. Symptoms were assessed by a 7-item GAD scale, HARS, HDRS, and PSWQ in pre-test, post-test and follow up assessment (2 months later). Analysis of variance with repeated measure was used to analyze the data. Results:The results showed that both tDCS and pharmacotherapy were effective in reducing worry symptoms, also the pharmacotherapy group compared with the tDCS group and sham condition was more effective in treating of worry. Anxiety symptoms were reduced by both tDCS and pharmacotherapy and the difference between the 2 methods was not significant. Finally, the effectiveness of tDCS therapy on reducing depressive symptoms was more significant than pharmacotherapy. Conclusions:The tDCS is a promising treatment for generalized anxiety disorder, especially in depressive and worry symptoms.
Objective: Tobacco smoking is an addictive behavior with many psychological side effects, and many smokers are unable to quit it. Despite various treatments for smoking cessation, there is an urgent need to develop and utilize a noninvasive technique with high efficacy. This study aimed to determine the effects of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) on reduction of craving in daily and social smokers. Method: This pretest-posttest quasi-experimental study, in which the participants were randomly assigned into sham and active groups, was performed on 40 daily and social smokers. Stimulation was delivered over the left DLPFC at a 2 m/A during 10 twenty-minute sessions for 5 weeks. The participants filled out the Desire for Drug questionnaire (DDQ) before and after intervention. Analysis of covariance was used for data analysis. Results: A significant decrease was found in the number of cigarette smoking in both daily and social smokers compared to the sham group. Moreover, the results indicated that anodal tDCS on F3 and Cathodal tDCS on F4 has significant effects on nicotine craving (P < 0/000). Conclusion: The results of the present study showed that the current tDCS of DLPFC decreases the craving of smoking. This noninvasive brain stimulation technique targeted at DLPFC area may be a promising method for reducing and treating smoking craving.
BackgroundAdult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) increases the risk of several psychiatric disorders, like substance use disorders (SUDs).ObjectivesThis study aimed to predict the tendency for drug use from child and adult ADHD symptoms in adults among male students from Tabriz University, Iran.Patients and MethodsFor this purpose, 361 students were selected via a stratified random sampling from different faculties of Tabriz University. The students completed the Conners Adult ADHD Rating Scale self-report form and subscale (CAARS) questionnaire, Addiction Acknowledgment Scale (AAS) and MacAndrew Alcoholism Revised-Scale (MAC-R).ResultsTo analyze the data Pearson correlation and multiple regressions (step by step) were used. Results indicated that there is a significant relationship between scores on the AAS and MAC-R via child and adult ADHD symptoms (P = 0.01). Moreover, we found that those with the highest addiction acknowledgment (13%) exhibited adult ADHD (total) and child ADHD. Alcohol potential (15%) was related to scores of child ADHD and impulsivity.ConclusionsAccording to this result behavioral disorders, especially ADHD, have an effect on the tendency to use drugs and therefore the primary treatment of behavioral disorders could prevent future drug abuse.
Background: Parallel with the rapid growth of smartphone users among the youth, its problematic use has received attention due to adverse outcomes. The psychometric properties of smartphone addiction inventory (SPAI) have been studied among Italian and Taiwanese university students. Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the psychometric properties of the SPAI among Iranian university students. Methods: We recruited 402 undergraduate university students in the study from February to March 2017. The SPAI and young's Internet addiction test (IAT) were completed for them. The AMOS statistical software (version 21) was used to test the five-factor model proposed in the original SPAI. The results of the goodness-of-fit index showed an ambiguous solution. For more appropriate trimming of the SPAI factorial structure, an exploratory-confirmatory cross-validation strategy was followed. Results: The SPAI showed excellent internal consistency (Cronbach's α = 0.92). Cronbach's α values of the five subscales varied from 0.53 to 0.84. The results supported a five-factor solution consisting of sleep interference, craving, daily life inference, compulsivity, and time spent (chi-square = 1105.445; P < 0.000; CFI = 0.902; TLI = 0.91; RMSEA = 0.09), which showed good convergent validity with the IAT scores. Moreover, the SPAI showed high factor correlations. Conclusions: Given the increasing trend of smartphone users in the country, the Persian version of the SAPI could be a useful tool for further investigation of smartphone problematic use among Iranian university students.
The aim of this research was to examine the effect of eating habits and family flexibility on the body mass index in gifted students of the eighth and ninth grade of high school. The research design of this study was descriptive-correlation. The statistical population of this research included all high school gifted students of the eighth and ninth grade. The sample consisted of 220 gifted students who were selected by random sampling method. The average age of these participants was 14.56 years old, SD 10.41. Average participants BMI was 31.25, SD 3.12. One hundred and fifteen (52.28%) of these students were females and one hundred and five (47.72%) were males. Family flexibility was measured by Shakeri flexibility scale, eating habits were measured through Coker and Roger Eating Habits Questionnaire and body mass index was tested by Omron digital device. Using SPSS software, the data were analyzed to calculate correlation and simultaneous regression. The results of correlation showed that in these students, concern with weight and dieting and total eating habits have significant relationship with BMI (P < 0.001). The result of simultaneous regression also showed that concern with weight and dieting and total eating habits could explain BMI in these students (P < 0.001) and family flexibility could not explain BMI in these students (P < 0.005). The results emphasize the more important role of eating habits than family flexibility on BMI in gifted students because of sensitive and higher level of intelligence and high peer competitions.
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