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The contamination effect of formaldehyde (HCHO) and formic acid (HCOOH) was studied using state-of-the-art automotive PEMFC stacks and with high fuel utilization and automotive-type operation with hydrogen recirculation. The results, measured at current density of 0.6 A/cm 2 , show that the contamination effect of formaldehyde was observable when the concentration was 2 ppm, 200 times higher than the current limit in the ISO 14687-2:2012 standard. The effect of formaldehyde was less than 10% compared to 2 ppm of CO in the same operating conditions. Moreover, the contamination effect of formic acid was barely measurable at 2 ppm, corresponding to a concentration 100 times the limit of the ISO standard. Thus, the limits of HCHO and HCOOH in the current ISO standard seem to be too strict.

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The chlor‐alkali industry produces high amounts of hydrogen as a by‐product of processes based on electrolytic cells. In order to improve the process' efficiency, plant operators seek ways to utilize this potential and fuel cells offer a sensible solution, producing electricity at high efficiency. PEMFC has already been demonstrated to be successful in this niche market application with a few commercial scale installations. In the DuraDemo project, a 50 kW stationary PEMFC pilot plant has been designed in a publicly funded national project involving partners from different parts of the value chain. The plant serves as an experimental platform for evaluation of BoP and power electronics components, as well as hydrogen quality studies. The system design is targeted to be commercially viable and a large amount of extra instrumentation and experimental monitoring equipment are utilized in the pilot plant to analyze its behavior. The pilot plant is fully automated and capable of independent operation with remote monitoring and data logging capability. The system design of the pilot plant is presented, including BoP component selection and characterization of the main components. Final assembly testing results, integration of the plant at its demonstration site and safety analysis work will be reported.

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Liquid organic hydrogen carriers (LOHCs) are promising means for hydrogen transportation. They are compatible with existing liquid fuel transport infrastructure and enable for efficient and safe hydrogen storage and transfer over long distances. Toluene and dibenzyltoluene are considered the two most promising LOHCs. Toluene is probably a contaminant found in hydrogen released from these LOHC liquids. The impact of hydrocarbon contaminants on automotive type fuel cells has been analyzed to a limited extent, and a few species only have specific limits (CO, CO2, HCOOH, HCHO, CH4). Currently, hydrocarbons are limited to a total of 2 ppm (methane basis) in the automotive hydrogen fuel standard, ISO 14687:2019. This may lead to strict impurity levels for species from LOHC, and therefore higher costs of hydrogen purification and quality assurance. This work presents contamination studies with toluene. The measurements were conducted using a PEMFC short stack with anode recirculation and with high fuel utilization (98%). The results show no effect or only a small contamination effect with up to 20 ppm toluene, and clear contamination with 50 ppm toluene. This supports the need for more studies so that a separate limit can be defined for toluene in future versions of the ISO 14687.