Due to an interplay between intestinal microbiota and immune system, disruption of intestinal microbiota composition during immune development may have consequences for immune responses later in life. The present study investigated the effects of antibiotic treatment in the first weeks of life on the specific antibody response later in life in chickens. Layer chicks received an antibiotic cocktail consisting of vancomycin, neomycin, metronidazole, and amphotericin-B by oral gavage every 12 h, and ampicillin and colistin in drinking water for the first week of life. After the first week of life, chicks received ampicillin and colistin in drinking water for two more weeks. Control birds received no antibiotic cocktail and plain drinking water. Fecal microbiota composition was determined during antibiotic treatment (d 8 and 22), two weeks after cessation of antibiotic treatment (d 36), and at the end of the experimental period at d 175 using a 16S ribosomal RNA gene targeted microarray, the Chicken Intestinal Tract Chip (ChickChip). During antibiotic treatment fecal microbiota composition differed strongly between treatment groups. Fecal microbiota of antibiotic treated birds consisted mainly of Proteobacteria, and in particular E.coli, whereas fecal microbiota of control birds consisted mainly of Firmicutes, such as lactobacilli and clostridia. Two weeks after cessation of antibiotic treatment fecal microbiota composition of antibiotic treated birds had recovered and was similar to that of control birds. On d 105, 12 weeks after cessation of antibiotic treatment, chicks of both treatment groups received an intra-tracheal lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/human serum albumin (HuSA) challenge. Antibody titers against LPS and HuSA were measured 10 days after administration of the challenge. While T cell independent antibody titers (LPS) were not affected by antibiotic treatment, antibiotic treated birds showed lower T cell dependent antibody titers (HuSA) compared with control birds. In conclusion, intestinal microbial dysbiosis early in life may still have effects on the specific antibody response months after cessation of antibiotic treatment and despite an apparent recovery in microbiota composition.
SUMMARYThe taxonomy of the genus Rosa is complex, not least because of hybridisations between species. We aimed to develop a method to connect the diploid Rosa taxa to the allopolyploid taxa to which they contributed, based on the sharing of haplotypes. For this we used an SNPSTR marker, which combines a short tandem repeat (STR; microsatellite) marker with single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the flanking sequences. In total, 53 different sequences (haplotypes) were obtained for the SNPSTR marker, Rc06, from 20 diploid and 35 polyploid accessions from various species of Rosa. Most accessions of the diploid species had only one allele, while accessions of the polyploid species each contained two-to-five different alleles. Twelve SNPs were detected in the flanking sequences, which alone formed a total of 18 different haplotypes. A maximum likelihood dendrogram revealed five groups of haplotypes. Diploid species in the same Section of the genus Rosa contained SNP haplotypes from only one haplotype group. In contrast, polyploid species contained haplotypes from different haplotype groups. Identical SNP haplotypes were shared between polyploid species and diploid species from more than one Section of the genus Rosa. There were three different polymorphic repeat regions in the STR region. The STR repeat contained eight additional SNPs, but these contributed little to the resolution of the haplotype groups. Our results support hypotheses on diploid Rosa species that contributed to polyploid taxa. Finding different sets of haplotypes in different groups of species within the Sections Synstylae and Pimpinellifoliae supports the hypothesis that these may be paraphyletic.
The present study was designed to develop a model in piglets that allows the investigation of the effects of postnatal association with a simple or a complex microbiota on gut health and development. Thirty piglets from 2 sows were obtained by caesarean delivery (day 0) and were equally divided over 2 treatment groups housed in separate clean, nonsterile rooms. All piglets received orally a simple microbiota consisting of Lactobacillus amylovorus, Clostridium glycolicum, and Parabacteroides spp. on days 1, 2, and 3 after birth. On day 3 and 4 the piglets received either a complex microbiota by providing them with a fecal inoculant of an adult sow [complex association (CA)] or a placebo inoculant [simple association (SA)]. Fecal microbiota composition, as determined by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and by pig intestinal tract chip (PITChip) analysis of 16S rRNA genes (days 3, 5, 7, 14, and 28), was less diverse in the SA group compared to the CA group. A difference in fecal microbiota composition between treatments persisted until the end of the study. It was concluded that the composition of microbiota in feces of cesarean delivery-derived piglets is influenced by bacterial association in the first days after birth. Differences in fecal microbiota composition between piglets exposed to a simple or complex inoculum at early age persisted for at least 3 wk.
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