CLIA-certified laboratories were enrolled through the IMPACT biorepository study 15. In the IMPACT study, biospecimens including blood, nasopharyngeal swabs, saliva, urine and stool samples were collected at study enrolment (baseline denotes the first time point) and longitudinally on average every 3 to 7 days (serial time points). The detailed demographics and clinical characteristics of these 98 participants are shown in Extended Data Table 1. Plasma and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated from whole blood, and plasma was used for titre measurements of SARS-CoV-2 spike S1 protein-specific IgG and IgM antibodies (anti-S1-IgG and-IgM) and cytokine or chemokine measurements. Freshly isolated PBMCs were stained and analysed by flow cytometry 15. We obtained longitudinal serial time-point samples from a subset of these 98 study participants (n = 48; information in Extended Data Table 1). To compare the immune phenotypes between sexes, two sets of data analyses were performed in parallel-baseline and longitudinal, as described below. As a control group, healthcare workers (HCWs) from Yale-New Haven Hospital were enrolled who were uninfected with COVID-19. Demographics and background information for the HCW group and the demographics of HCWs for cytokine assays and flow cytometry assays for the primary analyses are in Extended Data Table 1. Demographic data, time-point information of the samples defined by the days from the symptom onset (DFSO) in each patient, treatment information, and raw data used to generate figures and tables is in Supplementary Table 1. Baseline analysis The baseline analysis was performed on samples from the first time point of patients who met the following criteria: not in intensive care unit (ICU), had not received tocilizumab, and had not received high doses of corticosteroids (prednisone equivalent of more than 40 mg) before the first sample collection date. This patient group, cohort A, consisted of 39 patients (17 male and 22 female) (Extended Data Tables 1, 2). Intersex and transgender individuals were not represented in this study. Figures 1-4 represent analyses of baseline raw values obtained from patients in cohort A. In cohort A patients, male and female patients were matched in terms of age, body mass index (BMI), and DFSO at the first time point sample collection (Extended Data Fig. 1a). However, there were significant differences in age and BMI between HCW controls and patients (patients had higher age and BMI values) (Extended Data Table 1), and therefore an age-and BMI-adjusted difference-indifferences analysis was also performed in parallel (Extended Data Table 3). Longitudinal analysis As parallel secondary analyses, we performed longitudinal analysis on a total patient cohort (cohort B) to evaluate the difference in immune response over the course of the disease between male and female patients. Cohort B included all patient samples from cohort A (including several time-point samples from the cohort A patients) as well as an additional 59 patients who d...

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Spin-polarized currents can transfer spin angular momentum to a ferromagnet, generating a torque that can efficiently reorient its magnetization. Achieving quantitative measurements of the spin-transfer-torque vector in magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJs) is important for understanding fundamental mechanisms affecting spin-dependent tunneling, and for developing magnetic memories and nanoscale microwave oscillators.Here we present direct measurements of both the magnitude and direction of the spin torque in Co 60 Fe 20 B 20 /MgO/Co 60 Fe 20 B 20 MTJs. At low bias V, the differential torque d r /dV lies in the plane defined by the electrode magnetizations, and its magnitude is in excellent agreement with a prediction for highly-spin-polarized tunneling. With increasing bias, the in-plane component d || /dV remains large, in striking contrast to the decreasing magnetoresistance ratio. The differential torque vector also rotates out of the plane under bias; we measure a perpendicular component V ( ) with bias dependence V 2 for low V, that becomes as large as 30% of the in-plane torque. *email: ralph@ccmr.cornell.edu † IBM RSM Emeritus || || , minus an antisymmetric Lorentzian d /dI .

Spin torque switching is investigated in perpendicular magnetic tunnel junctions using Ta∣CoFeB∣MgO free layers and a synthetic antiferromagnet reference layer. We show that the Ta∣CoFeB interface makes a key contribution to the perpendicular anisotropy. The quasistatic phase diagram for switching under applied field and voltage is reported. Low switching voltages, Vc 50 ns=290 mV are obtained, in the range required for spin torque magnetic random access memory. Switching down to 1 ns is reported, with a rise in switching speed from increased overdrive that is eight times greater than for comparable in-plane devices, consistent with expectations from a single-domain model.

The role of grain boundaries in the magnetoresistance ͑MR͒ properties of the manganites has been investigated by comparing the properties of epitaxial and polycrystalline films of La 0.67 D 0.33 MnO 3Ϫ␦ (DϭCa, Sr, or vacancies͒. While the MR in the epitaxial films is strongly peaked near the ferromagnetic transition temperature and is very small at low temperatures, the polycrystalline films show large MR over a wide temperature range down to 5 K. The results are explained in terms of switching of magnetic domains in the grains and disorder-induced canting of Mn spins in the grain-boundary region. ͓S0163-1829͑96͒51746-7͔

Time-resolved measurements of spin-transfer-induced (STI) magnetization reversal were made in current-perpendicular spin-valve nanomagnetic junctions subject to a pulsed current bias. These results can be understood within the framework of a Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert equation that includes STI corrections and a Langevin random field for finite temperature. Comparison of these measurements with model calculations demonstrates that spin-transfer induced excitation is responsible for the observed magnetic reversal in these samples.

To understand the near-interface magnetism in manganites, uniform, ultrathin films of La 0.67 Sr 0.33 MnO 3 were grown epitaxially on single crystal (001) LaAlO 3 and (110) NdGaO 3 substrates. The temperature and magnetic field dependent film resistance is used to probe the film's structural and magnetic properties. A surface and/or interface related dead-layer is inferred from the thickness dependent resistance and magnetoresistance. The total thickness of the dead layer is estimated to be ∼ 30Å for films on NdGaO 3 and ∼ 50Å for films on LaAlO 3 .

We have used a self-aligned lithographic process to fabricate magnetic tunnel junctions of La 0.67 Sr 0.33 MnO 3 down to a few micrometers in size. We have obtained a magnetoresistance ratio as large as 83% at low magnetic fields of a few tens of Oe, which correspond to the coercivities of the magnetic layers. Transmission-electron-microscopy analysis has revealed the heteroepitaxial growth of the trilayer junction structure, La 0.67 Sr 0.33 MnO 3 /SrTiO 3 /La 0.67 Sr 0.33 MnO 3 . We have observed current-voltage characteristics typical of electron tunneling across an insulating barrier. The large magnetoresistance is likely due to the nearly half-metallic electronic structure of the manganites.