Cavitation is known to cause blood element damage and may introduce gaseous emboli into the cerebral circulation, increasing the patient's risk of stroke. Discovering methods to reduce the intensity of cavitation induced by mechanical heart valves (MHVs) has long been an area of interest. A novel approach for analyzing MHV cavitation is presented. A wavelet denoising method is explored because currently used analytical techniques fail to suitably unmask the cavitation signal from other valve closing sounds and noise detected with a hydrophone. Wavelet functions are used to denoise the cavitation signal during MHV closure and rebound. The wavelet technique is applied to the signal produced by closure of a 29-mm Medtronic-Hall MHV in degassed water with a gas content of 5 ppm. Valve closing dynamics are investigated under loading conditions of 500, 2500, and 4500 mm Hg/s. The results display a marked improvement in the quantity and quality of information that can be extracted from acoustic cavitation signals using the wavelet technique compared to conventional analytical techniques. Time and frequency data indicate the likelihood and characteristics of cavitation formation under specified conditions. Using this wavelet technique we observe an improved signal-to-noise ratio, an enhanced time-dependent aspect, and the potential to minimize valve closing sounds, which disguise individual cavitation events. The overall goal of this work is to eventually link specific valves with characteristic waveforms or distinct types of cavitation, thus promoting improved valve designs.
The ISAC project under construction at TRIUMF [1] is to consist of radioactive ion sources, a high resolution mass separator, a low-energy (60 keV) experimental area, RFQ and DTL linacs to reach 1.5 MeV per atomic mass unit (amu), and a high-energy experimental area. Additionally, there will be a stable off-line source primarily for commissioning the linacs but also for use by the low-energy experimental program. The transport line which connects these elements therefore includes a switch which allows either the radioactive beam to supply the low energy area simultaneously with the off-line source supplying the RFQ, or the radioactive beam supplying beam to the RFQ simultaneously with the off-line source supplying beam to the low-energy experiments. The maximum ion source voltage is 60 kV. The RFQ accepts particles with 2 keV per amu, so masses less than 30 must have lower energy and masses larger than 30 can only be accelerated if they are multiplycharged. All optics is electrostatic; the bends have spherical electrodes. Alignment tolerances are given. Aberrations are kept sufficiently small that the maximum beam emittance of 50 πmm-mrad is transported with negligible distortion. Of particular interest are the achromatic bend sections, the sawtooth buncher insertion, and the matching section to the RFQ. BEAM PROPERTIESFor acceleration in the RFQ, particles must have a velocity corresponding to 2 keV per amu. The lightest mass considered will be 6 amu; therefore the smallest momentum is Bρ = 386 gauss-m.After considering variously reported emittances for radioactive ion sources, we have chosen 50 πmm-mrad as the upper limit nominal emittance. This means we desire to be able to transport this emittance easily with negligible degradation. In practical terms, this means that the acceptance of the transport system should be at least 200 πmm-mrad.In some cases, the beam after the separator may have a much smaller emittance in the bend plane than in the nonbend plane. Somewhat arbitrarily, we impose the condition that for an emittance ratio of 25, the smaller emittance be allowed to increase by no more than 20%.The intensity of the radioactive beam is not envisaged to exceed 1 µA, so space charge is not important. OPTICS ELEMENTSAll optics will be electrostatic. This is cheaper than magnetic, but also simpler to tune since the settings depend only upon beam energy, and not on mass. One can go from one mass to another by simply changing the separator dipole, without retuning the quadrupoles and electrostatic bends in LEBT. The voltages are not high, since the highest beam energy is only 60 keV.At TRIUMF, we have been using electrostatic optics since 1974 in our 20 m long, 300 keV, H − injection line for the cyclotron (ISIS) [2].The ISAC LEBT quadrupoles will be similar to the ISIS quads, with a bore radius of 25 mm. Typical lengths will be 50 mm as opposed to the ISIS standard length of 100 mm. For the typical focal length f = 0.3 m, the required electrode voltage is 2.5 kV at the maximum beam energy of 60 keV....
The initial goal of a polarized proton beam extracted from the TRIUMF cyclotron, having a current of 5 PA with a polarization of 0.61, has been achieved with the development of the optically pumped polarized H-ion source. This ion source has recently been modified to operate with optically-pumped rubidium vapour and titanium sapphire lasers. As a result of this innovation, a large increase in the proton polarization to a record 0.78kO.02 has been measured on a nuclear polarimeter in the 300 keV injection beam line and the long term stability of the polarization has improved substantially. The source meets the requirements of several approved TRIUMF experiments and is being used for routine operation. This paper describes the source and compares the present performance to that of the previous system which was based on optically-,pumped sodium and used high power dye lasers.
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