We have developed a simple compact electron impact laboratory source of UV radiation whose relative intensity as a function of wavelength has an accuracy traceable to the fundamental physical constants (transitions probabilities and excitation cross sections) for an atomic or molecular system. Using this laboratory source, calibrated optically thin vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) spectra have been obtained and synthetic spectral models developed for important molecular band systems of H(2) and N(2) and the n(1)P(0) Itydberg series of He. The model spectrum from H(2) represents an extension of the molecular branching ratio technique to include spectral line intensities from more than one electronic upper state. The accuracy of the model fit to the VUV spectra of H(2) and N(2) is sufficient to predict the relative spectral intensity of the electron impact source and to serve as a primary calibration standard for VUV instrumentation in the 80-230-nm wavelength range. The model is applicable to VUV instrumentation with full width at half-maximum >/= 0.4 nm. The present accuracy is 10% in the far ultraviolet (120-230 nm), 10% in the extreme ultraviolet (EUV) (90-120 nm), and 20% in the EUV (80-90 nm). The n(1)P(0) Rydberg series of He has been modeled to 10% accuracy and can be considered a primary calibration standard in the EUV (52.2-58.4 nm). A calibrated optically thin spectrum of Ar has been obtained at 0.5-nm resolution and 200-eV electron impact energy to 35% accuracy without benefit of models over the EUV spectral range of 50-95 nm. The Ar spectrum expands the ultimate range of the VUV relative calibration using this source with the four gases, He, Ar, H(2), and N(2), to 50-230 nm. The calibration of the Galileo orbiter ultraviolet spectrometer for the upcoming Jupiter mission has been demonstrated and compared to results from other methods.
We introduce a materials science tool for investigating refractory solids and melts: the electrostatic containerless processing system (ESCAPES). ESCAPES maintains refractory specimens of materials in a pristine state by levitating and heating them in a vacuum chamber, thereby avoiding the contaminating influences of container walls and ambient gases. ESCAPES is designed for the investigation of thermophysical properties, phase equilibria, metastable phase formation, undercooling and nucleation, time–temperature–transformation diagrams, and other aspects of materials processing. ESCAPES incorporates several design improvements over prior electrostatic levitation technology. It has an informative and responsive computer control system. It has separate light sources for heating and charging, which prevents runaway discharging. Both the heating and charging light sources are narrow band, which allows the use of optical pyrometry and other diagnostics at all times throughout processing. Heat is provided to the levitated specimens by a 50 W Nd:YAG laser operating at 1.064 μm. A deuterium arc lamp charges the specimen through photoelectric emission. ESCAPES can heat metals, ceramics, and semiconductors to temperatures exceeding 2300 K; specimens range in size from 1 to 3 mm diam. This article describes the design, capabilities, and applications of ESCAPES, focusing on improvements over prior electrostatic levitation technology.
The design of a new class of microstrip couplers and filters is presented in this paper. The synthesis functions obtained from the solution of first-order nonlinear differential equation of nonuniform lines with a loose coupling assumption are modified and validated for higher coupling values. The design employs a nonuniform coupled line configuration along which a realizable continuous coupling coefficient is obtained by modifying the reflection coefficient distribution function. This modification results in a frequency selective coupling which minimizes the out-of-band coupling in the specified frequency range. As a result it is possible to realize-3 dB directional couplers using double-coupled lines without the need for tandem connections or extreme photolithographic techniques. Experimental results for microwave band-pass and periodic couplers are presented together with the computed results. Potential applications of these novel components are discussed and the work is extended to include millimeter-wave realization.
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