Crankshaft deformation and bearing load are very important for the lubrication analyses of crankshaft bearings of an engine. The calculating methods of crankshaft deformation and bearing load will affect the results. There were some problems in the current methods used for calculating crankshaft deformation and bearing load, such as complicated model, more time taken for calculation, and error brought by simplification. In this article, the crankshaft of a four-cylinder engine was taken as the object of study, and the whole crankshaft beam-element finite-element method to calculate crankshaft bearing load and crankshaft deformation of a multi-cylinder engine was studied. The results show that this method is closer to the actual condition and can calculate the loads of all main bearings simultaneously compared with traditional methods used for calculating the crankshaft bearing load of a multi-cylinder engine. Meanwhile, this method is a simple, convenient, time-saving method used for calculating crankshaft deformation compared to the whole crankshaft solid-element finite-element method, and its calculating precision can meet engineering demands.
This work demonstrates the synthesis of core-shell ZrO2/PAAEM/PS nanoparticles through a combination of sol–gel method and emulsifier-free emulsion polymerizaiton. By this method, the modified nanometer ZrO2cores were prepared by chemical modification at a molecular level of zirconium propoxide with monomer of acetoacetoxyethylmethacrylate (AAEM), and then copolymerized with vinyl monomer to form uniform-size hybrid nanoparticles with diameter of around 250 nm. The morphology, composition, and thermal stability of the core-shell particles were characterized by various techniques including transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffractometer (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and thermal-gravimetry analyzer (TGA). The results indicate that the inorganic–organic nanocomposites exhibit good thermal stability with the maximum decomposition temperature of ~447 °C. This approach would be useful for the synthesis of other inorganic–organic nanocomposites with desired functionalities.
9The color discrimination can confer survival advantages by helping 10 animals to find nutritious food and shelter and to avoid predator. 11Zebrafish as a social species, data on innate color preference in shoals 12 remain controversial and there are limited data for this organism. Here we 13 showed that, when given a choice among two color combinations (R-Y, 14 R-G, Y-G, B-G, B-R, B-Y), shoals of zebrafish exhibited a complex 15 pattern of color preference and the order of RYGB preference was 16 R>Y>G, B>G. By contrast, the individual zebrafish showed marked 17 changes, completely losing their preference for all the tested color 18 combinations. To investigate the role of shoaling behavior in color 19preference, we selected a D1-receptor antagonist (SCH23390), which 20 could disrupt social preference and decrease social interaction in 21 zebrafish. Interestingly, the shoals that were treated by SCH23390 22 showed no color preference for all color combinations. Our findings 23 indicate that social interaction is involved in color-driven behavior in 24 zebrafish, and reveal the possible mechanisms that the dopaminergic 25 system may contribute to innate color preference in shoals of zebrafish. 26 27 28 Recently, Park et al. used zebrafish larvae (5 days post fertilization (dpf)) 60to test the innate color preference in shoals [19]. However, shoaling 61 behavior usually starts to develop after 7 dpf, becoming progressively 62 stronger for the mature [20][21][22]. As far as we know, no research has been 63 published that investigate the innate color preference of mature shoals, 64 although shoaling and social behavior in general has received 65 considerable critical attentions. 66The cohesion of shoals has been found to be associated with the 67 whole brain dopamine level [23]. Dopamine is one of the major 68 neurotransmitters in the central nervous system of the vertebrate brain 69 which plays important roles in a variety of cerebral functions, such as 70 mood, attention, reward and memory [24][25][26]. Abundant evidence shows 71 that dopamine is associated with the neurobehavioral functions in 72 zebrafish [27,28]. Saif et al. [27] found that strong social stimuli will 73 increase the dopamine and its metabolite 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid 74 (DOPAC) levels in the brain of the adult zebrafish. The short-term 75 isolated zebrafish could reduce the level of DOPAC [28]. The social 76 interaction of shoals in zebrafish can be affected by the dopaminergic 77 system through influence of the dopamine level [29]. D1 dopamine 78 receptor antagonist (SCH23390) is most abundantly expressed dopamine 79 receptor subtypes in the brain of zebrafish [30]. And SCH23390 disrupts 80 social preference of zebrafish by decreasing the level of dopamine in 81 dopaminergic system [31,32]. 82In the present study, we used two-color combinations (R-Y, R-G, 83 Y-G, B-G, B-R, B-Y) to test the innate color preference of shoal (10 adult 84 zebrafish) and individual fish, respectively. Moreover, we evaluated the 85 influence of social interac...
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