Abstract. XMM-Newton observations of 19 galaxy clusters are used to measure the elemental abundances and their spatial distributions in the intracluster medium. The sample mainly consists of X-ray bright and relaxed clusters with a cD galaxy. Along with detailed Si, S and Fe radial abundance distributions within 300-700 kpc in radius, the O abundances are accurately derived in the central region of the clusters. The Fe abundance maxima towards the cluster center, possibly due to the metals from the cD galaxy, are spatially resolved. The Si and S abundances also exhibit central increases in general, resulting in uniform Fe-Si-S ratios within the cluster. In contrast, the O abundances are in general uniform over the cluster. The mean O to Fe ratio within the cluster core is sub-solar, while that of the cluster scale is larger than the solar ratio. These measurements indicate that most of the Fe-Si-S and O in the intracluster medium have different origins, presumably in supernovae Ia and II, respectively. The obtained Fe and O mass are also used to discuss the past star formation history in clusters.

Recently, the first detections of highly ionized gas associated with two warm-hot intergalactic medium (WHIM ) filaments have been reported. The evidence is based on X-ray absorption lines due to O vii and other ions observed by Chandra toward the bright blazar Mrk 421. We investigate the robustness of this detection by a reanalysis of the original Chandra LETGS spectra, the analysis of a large set of XMM-Newton RGS spectra of Mrk 421, and additional Chandra observations. We address the reliability of individual spectral features belonging to the absorption components, and assess the significance of the detection of these components. We also use Monte Carlo simulations of spectra. We confirm the apparent strength of several features in the Chandra spectra, but demonstrate that they are statistically not significant. This decreased significance is due to the number of redshift trials that are made and that are not taken into account in the original discovery paper. Therefore, these features must be attributed to statistical fluctuations. This is confirmed by the RGS spectra, which have a higher signal-to-noise ratio than the Chandra spectra, but do not show features at the same wavelengths. Finally, we show that the possible association with a Ly absorption system also lacks sufficient statistical evidence. We conclude that there is insufficient observational proof for the existence of the two proposed WHIM filaments toward Mrk 421, the brightest X-ray blazar in the sky. Therefore, the highly ionized component of the WHIM still remains to be discovered. Subject headingg s: BL Lacertae objects: individual ( Mrk 421) -large-scale structure of universequasars: absorption lines -X-rays: ISM

Abstract. We present the results of a detailed spectral and temporal analysis of the currently available XMM-Newton observations of the bright BL Lac object Mrk 421 using mainly the EPIC-PN data. The source was found in various intensity states differing by up to a factor of five in count rates. In general, the source is more variable and shows a harder spectrum during higher intensities than when it is in lower states. The spectrum is very complex and cannot be fitted adequately by a broken power law or a continuously curved model. We find that the flux variations on time scales of > ∼ few thousand seconds are associated with significant and sometimes very complex spectral changes. The spectral variability rate is not the same in all cases and is correlated with the source flux state: the spectral variations per unit time increase with the source flux. The Cross-Correlation analysis shows that the soft and hard band light curves are often well correlated near zero lag, in other cases the hard band variations lead the soft band variations by typically ∼5 min, in two cases we find the soft band leading the hard band variations. The delays appear to be correlated to the flares' duration: the shorter the flare, the smaller the delay.

Synchrotron X‐ray emission components were recently detected in many young supernova remnants (SNRs). There is even an emerging class – SN 1006, RX J1713.72−3946, Vela Jr and others – that is dominated by non‐thermal emission in X‐rays, also probably of synchrotron origin. Such emission results from electrons/positrons accelerated well above TeV energies in the spectral cut‐off regime. In the case of diffusive shock acceleration, which is the most promising acceleration mechanism in SNRs, very strong magnetic fluctuations with amplitudes well above the mean magnetic field must be present. Starting from such a fluctuating field, we have simulated images of polarized X‐ray emission of SNR shells and show that these are highly clumpy with high polarizations up to 50 per cent. Another distinct characteristic of this emission is the strong intermittency, resulting from the fluctuating field amplifications. The details of this ‘twinkling’ polarized X‐ray emission of SNRs depend strongly on the magnetic field fluctuation spectra, providing a potentially sensitive diagnostic tool. We demonstrate that the predicted characteristics can be studied with instruments that are currently being considered. These can give unique information on magnetic field characteristics and high‐energy particle acceleration in SNRs.

Context. The Crab nebula and pulsar have been widely used as a calibration source for X-ray instruments. The in-flight effective area calibration of the Reflection Grating Spectrometers (RGS) of XMM-Newton depend upon the availability of reliable calibration sources. Aims. We investigate how the absolute effective area calibration of RGS can be obtained using Crab as a standard candle. Methods. We have analysed RGS observations of the Crab using different instrument configurations and spatial offsets, and made use of previous determinations of the continuum spectrum of the nebula plus pulsar. Due to the high spectral resolution of the RGS, we resolve the main absorption edges and detect the strong 1s−2p absorption lines of neutral oxygen. Results. We get an excellent fit to the Crab spectrum using this fixed continuum and the absorption spectrum determined by RGS.We get accurate column densities for the neutral atoms of H, N, O, Ne, Mg, and Fe, as well as a clear detection of Fe ii and firm upper limits for other ions. Our data are in good agreement with earlier optical and UV spectroscopic measurements of some of these ions. We find solar abundances for N and O, while Ne is overabundant by a factor of 1.7 and Fe is underabundant by a factor of 0.8. We confirm that there is less dust in the line of sight compared to the prediction based on the absorption column. Our spectra suggest a more prominent role of ferric iron in the dust compared to ferrous iron. Conclusions. Our high-resolution observations confirm that Crab can be used as an X-ray calibration source. RGS spectra have determined the absorption spectrum towards Crab with unprecedented detail.