The autoimmune attack in type 1 diabetes is not only targeted to β cells. We assessed the prevalence of thyroid peroxidase (aTPO), parietal cell (PCA), antiadrenal (AAA) and endomysial antibodies (EmA‐IgA), and of overt autoimmune disease in type 1 diabetes, in relation to gender, age, duration of disease, age at onset, β‐cell antibody status (ICA, GADA, IA2A) and HLA‐DQ type. Sera from 399 type 1 diabetic patients (M/F: 188/211; mean age: 26 ± 16 years; duration: 9 ± 8 years) were tested for ICA, PCA, AAA and EmA‐IgA by indirect immunofluorescence, and for IA2A (tyrosine phosphatase antibodies), GADA (glutamic acid decarboxylase‐65 antibodies) and aTPO by radiobinding assays. The prevalence rates were: GADA 70%; IA2A, 44%; ICA, 39%; aTPO, 22%; PCA, 18%; EmA‐IgA, 2%; and AAA, 1%. aTPO status was determined by female gender (β = − 1·15, P = 0·002), age (β = 0·02, P = 0·01) and GADA + (β = 1·06, P = 0·02), but not by HLA‐DQ type or IA2A status. Dysthyroidism (P < 0·0001) was more frequent in aTPO + subjects. PCA status was determined by age (β = 0·03, P = 0·002). We also observed an association between PCA + and GADA + (OR = 1·9, P = 0·049), aTPO + (OR = 1·9, P = 0·04) and HLA DQA1*0501‐DQB1*0301 status (OR = 2·4, P = 0·045). Iron deficiency anaemia (OR = 3·0, P = 0·003) and pernicious anaemia (OR = 40, P < 0·0001) were more frequent in PCA + subjects. EmA‐IgA + was linked to HLA DQA1*0501‐DQB1*0201 + (OR = 7·5, P = 0·039), and coeliac disease was found in three patients. No patient had Addison's disease. In conclusion, GADA but not IA2A indicate the presence of thyrogastric autoimmunity in type 1 diabetes. aTPO have a female preponderance, PCA are weakly associated with HLA DQA1*0501‐DQB1*0301 and EmA‐IgA + with HLA DQA1*0501‐DQB1*0201.

Objective: To investigate the relationship between dietary intakes and in vivo oxidative stress (OS) status in diabetic patients. Design: Case-control study. Setting: Outpatient-Clinic and Laboratory Endocrinology, University Antwerp. Subjects and methods: A total of 30 patients (24 type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM)/6 type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) were asked to complete a 2 weekdays+1weekend day food consumption questionnaire during the week preceding their yearly diabetes control consultation, when samples were collected for the assay of oxidative stress (OS) (blood levels of antioxidants, peroxides, malondialdehyde (MDA) and minerals). Blood samples were also collected from 25 age-and sex-matched healthy controls. Results: Diabetic patients had lower glutathione (5.8071.15 vs 6.7571.03 mmol/g Hb in the controls, P ¼ 0.002) and higher MDA (0.68770.212 vs 0.54570.101 mmol/l, P ¼ 0.002). Although the group average intakes were within the Belgian RDA, intakes of fat 435% energy, fibre o15 g/1000 kcal, fruit o2 portions and vitamin E o10 mg/day were seen in more than 20 patients. Blood antioxidants did not correlate with intakes of energy, fat, protein or fibres or of their respective antioxidant. Vitamins A and E correlated with serum lipids (r ¼ 0.58, P o0.0005 between serum a-tocopherol and cholesterol). Blood peroxide levels were only related to intakes of saturated fat and cholesterol (Po0.05). In diabetic subjects but not in controls (Po0.05) MDA was related to glutathione and uric acid. Conclusions: In diabetic patients, blood levels of antioxidants are not related to their dietary intakes but to serum lipids. Levels of oxidative damage products are only related to intakes of saturated fats and cholesterol and to levels of endogenous antioxidants.

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