Summary
The types of stratification seen in the cholecystogram together with the edge‐ring are demonstrated and the literature reviewed.
Stratification which can be determined radio‐graphically occurs in the majority of normal people after an all‐night fast and before the first meal of the day. It disappears shortly afterwards. It is a normal finding and its transient nature would make it unlikely to be a gallstone precursor. There remain a few cases where layering occurs with stasis where excessive inspissation and stone formation would be a possibility.
The author wishes to acknowledge the kindness of Dr. Karla Plehwe in translating the German texts. Without this assistance this paper could not have been written.
THE disease called 'cardiospasm' is a diffuse abnorma-with the Negus hydrostatic dilator or Heller's operality of oesophageal motility. The cause is not known tion. Heller's operation was undertaken in 26 patients, and it is not known whether the pathological changes 15 of them female. From the graph it would appear in the established case are primary or secondary. The that a disproportionately large number of young majority of patients with cardiospasm die before their females were submitted to cardiomyotomy. The onset expected age of survival (Ellis, 1960) and as a direct of symptoms in cardiospasm is, however, common in consequence of one of the complications of the adolescents, the incidence of cardiospasm is slightly
SUMMARY
A group of cases is described in which pulmonary infarcts appear as pulmonary or pleural tumours in the chest X‐ray. In two cases infarcts are shown to undergo aseptic cavitation, and in one it seems that a pneumothorax was related. It is suggested that the first step towards avoiding confusion on clinical and radiological grounds between pulmonary infarction and bronchogenic carcinoma is an awareness that such confusion is possible.
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