In the present work, a detailed investigation of Ni(II) hydration in water solutions was carried out using density functional theory (DFT) and extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy. The hydrated characteristics of [Ni(H2O)n](2+) clusters, such as energy parameters, atomic charge distributions, and bond parameters, were explored using DFT with Becke's three-parameter exchange potential and the Lee-Yang-Parr correlation functional (B3LYP). DFT calculations indicated that the preferred structure of the first hydration shell of Ni(II) generally has a coordination number of six and is almost unaffected by the water molecules in the outer solvation shell, whereas the structure of the second solvation shell varies as the hydration proceeds. EXAFS measurements are reported for aqueous NiSO4 and Ni(NO3)2 solutions and the Ni(NO3)2·6H2O crystal. Analysis of the EXAFS spectra of these three systems using a multiparameter fitting procedure showed that, in each case, the first coordination shell consists of six water molecules with a Ni-O coordination distance of 2.04 Å, and that there is no Ni-S or Ni-N coordination in the first shell. There was no evidence of outer-shell SO4(2-) or NO3(-) ions substituting inner-sphere water molecules in NiSO4 and Ni(NO3)2. The characteristics of Ni(II) hydration obtained from DFT calculations agreed well with those obtained experimentally using EXAFS.
Based on the measured pH data and reported equilibrium constants, the main polyborate species formation existing in solution was investigated using the Newton iteration method at 298 and 333K, and checked by the method of 11 B nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The neighboring structure of rubidium ion was studied at room temperature, which the structural parameters, including the coordination number, interatomic distance of Rb-O and Debye-Waller factor, were determined by the synchrotron radiation extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS). The results show that the average interatomic distance of Rb-O is 2.93±0.004 Å and coordination number is 7.7±0.9 in the first hydration shell around rubidium ion.
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