No abstract
A coincidence counting method has been employed to investigate short-range charged particles produced in the slow neutron fission of U 235 and U 233 . In the case of U 236 , charged particles with ranges up to 8 mm of air were observed with a frequency of one in 76db8 fissions. The maximum initial specific ionization of these particles was ten times that of a-particles from uranium, which suggests that some of the particles have masses considerably greater»than that of the a-particle. The mass distribution could not be determined from the experimental data. Additional experiments proved that the observed particles were not nuclear recoils produced by fission fragments in their passage through the source and counter gas or fission fragments scattered by the backing material of the source. In the fission of U 233 , particles were observed with ranges up to 7.4 mm of air with an abundance of one in 72±6 fissions.
This paper was sekcted for presentstmn by an SPE ProgramComm#ttee following rewew of mhnsfim contained in an abstract submitted by the author(s). Contents cdthe paper have not been reviewsd by the Society of Petrolsum Engineers and are subject to correction by ths a@'I@s). Ths material, as presented, does not neceessrity rafkct any position of the Society 01 Pebubum Engrnears, ife officem, or members. Papsrs presented at SPE rnedngs are subject b @lkafsm -by Edtorisl CommMees of the Sockfy of Petroleum Engineem. Permission focopy is restricted to an abstracd of not more than 200 words. Illustrations msy not bs copied Tfw sbefmct should contain conspicuous acknowledgment of where and by whom the papsr is pfesented. Wnfe Librarien, SPE, P.O. WIX S3SS26, Richardson, TX 750SS-SSSS, U.S.A. Tekx, 1SS245 SPEUT.
Pf) 58 Hr FIG. 3. Tentative partial decay scheme for As 77 and Br 77 .
Lifting of heavy oil is currently carried out almost exclusively by rod pumps. Severe problems are often encountered, such as rod floating and overloading due to high fluid viscosity, pump sticking and erosion with high sand production, heavy crude plugging, and gas locking under steam flood conditions. Special rod pumps alleviate some of these problems but installation and maintenance expense typically remains high. This paper describes an unconventional gas lift system which can replace rod pumping for shallow (<3,000 ft.) heavy oil production. It circumvents all of the aforementioned problems and in addition has advantages in adjusting to variable production rates, in steam injection and in ease of well cleanout. The heart of this system is an insert chamber downhole, whose only moving parts are two standing valves. Produced fluid entering the chamber is periodically expelled into a production annulus by pressurized gas injected from the surface down a small injection string. Natural gas, inert gas, or even air can be used for pumping. This paper analyzes the operation of the chamber lifting system and shows how to optimize the system design and the operating variables to obtain maximum production at minimum cost. With the close spacing of thermal wells (2-5 acres), the combination of a single inert gas generator and associated compressor to supply a large number of wells equipped with chamber pumps is feasible. Several types of inert gas generators are described. Capital and operating costs of chamber and rod pumping for a 170 well system are compared. The economic return is far greater for chamber pumps when bottomhole conditions are such that steam locking of rod pumps occurs.
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