Buffer length (0, 2.4, and 4.9 m), mowing height (1.3 and 3.8 cm), and solid‐tine aerification were evaluated to reduce pesticide and nutrient runoff from bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.] turf on a Kirkland silt loam (fine, mixed, thermic Udertic Paleustolls) with a 6% slope. Nitrogen, P, chlorpyrifos [o,o‐diethyl o‐(3,5,6‐trichloro‐2‐pyridinyl) phosphorothioate], and the dimethylamine salts of 2,4‐D (2,4‐dichlorophenoxyacetic acid), mecoprop [2‐(2‐methyl‐4‐chlorophenoxy) propionic acid], and dicamba (3,6‐dichloro‐o‐anisic acid) were applied at standard use rates on plots located upslope of buffers. A portable rainfall simulator applied precipitation rates of 51 or 64 mm h−1 for 75 to 140 min within 24 h after chemical application. Soil moisture before simulated rainfall in July 1995 was low and pesticide and nutrient loss to surface runoff was <3% and 2% of applied, respectively. Highest concentrations of pesticides and nutrients in runoff water were 314 µg L−1 for 2,4‐D and 9.57 mg L−1 for PO4‐P from the treatment containing no buffer. In August, 165 mm of natural rainfall fell 7 d before simulated rainfall and pesticide and nutrient loss to surface runoff was increased to 15 and 10% of applied, respectively. Highest concentrations of pesticides and nutrients in runoff water were 174 µg L−1 for 2,4‐D and 8.14 mg L−1 for PO4‐P from the treatment containing no buffer. Overall, buffers were effective in reducing pesticide and nutrient runoff due in part to dilution. In most instances, buffer mowing height, length (2.4 vs. 4.9 m), and aerification did not significantly affect pesticide and nutrient runoff.
In Exp. 1, soybean hull samples were obtained from nine sources across the United States and analyzed for nutrient content to determine their suitability for inclusion in dog diets. Compositional data revealed variation in both the amount of total dietary fiber (TDF; 63.8 to 81.2%) in the soybean hulls and the ratio of insoluble:soluble fiber (5.0:1 to 15.4:1). Crude protein content varied widely among sources, ranging from 9.2 to 18.7%. An in vivo trial (Exp. 2) was conducted using a premium dog diet containing 3.0, 4.5, 6.0, 7.5, or 9.0% soybean hulls (DM basis). There was a negative linear effect (P < .05) of soybean hull inclusion in the diet on DM, OM, TDF, and GE total-tract digestibilities, as well as on calculated ME. Crude protein and fat digestibilities were unaffected by treatment. Based on these results, ileally cannulated dogs were fed diets containing 6.0, 7.5, or 9.0% soybean hulls (DM basis) in addition to diets containing either 0% supplemental fiber or 7.5% beet pulp (Exp. 3). Nutrient digestion at the ileum was unaffected by inclusion of supplemental fiber. Total tract digestion of DM, OM, and GE was lower ( P < .05) for diets containing supplemental fiber when compared with the diet containing 0% fiber. Crude protein and fat digestibilities were unaffected by treatment. There was no difference in nutrient digestibility between those diets containing soybean hulls and a diet containing beet pulp. Soybean hull inclusion in the diet resulted in a negative linear effect (P < .05) on calculated ME, in addition to lowering ME (P < .05) when compared with the 0% fiber control diet. Calculated ME for dogs fed a 7.5% beet pulp-containing diet was lower (P < .05) than that for dogs fed the soybean hull-containing diets. Results indicate that soybean hulls can be an effective dietary fiber source in dog diets.
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