Saline-washed red blood cell (RBC) concentrates are largely depleted of leukocytes, microaggregates, and nearly of all plasma originally contained in the blood unit. Our aim was to determine the concentration of the eliminated IgA and total protein in the buffy coat and plasma removed RBC concentrate before and after a sequential dilution-centrifugation washing procedure, 75.3% protein, and 99% IgA were eliminated by the washing process used. The recovery of red blood cells was 87.2%. Our results have led to the conclusion that two sequential washings seem to guarantee an IgA level of less than 0.2 mg/unit to meet the recommendations of the Council of Europe. Additional advantages of washing include low levels of extracellular hemoglobin, metabolic waste products and debris in the supernatant.
Aspects of clinical immunology, in the context of transfusion medicine, became highlighted in the last decade as a consequence of the accelerating expansion of basic immunology, immunogenetics and molecular biology. In addition sophisticated new technologies, which were capable of producing pure and safe blood products, attracted more attention to research and monitor the consequences of transfusion. These technologies also had obvious effects on supportive hematological therapy. The transfusion of blood components follows the rules of organ transplantation: when there is a mismatch between the donor and the recipient, the transfusion has the potential to induce various kinds of immune response against alloantigens. Antigen-compatible transfusions that involve major and rare blood groups are in almost all cases mismatched with respect to various polymorphic systems expressed on the cellular blood components. These include histocompatibility leukocyte antigens (HLA), tissue-specific and differentiation alloantigens, and, in the case of plasma, immunoglobulins, complement components, heat shock proteins, and shedded soluble membrane alloantigens. Clinical manifestations of alloimmune responses are typically deleterious. For example, immediate antigen-antibody binding and its consequences as secondary activations are paralleled by the nonhaemolytic febrile reaction, HLA sensitization can lead to a state of platelet refractoriness and inconvenient clinical symptoms. In certain immunogenetic situations and in immunodeficient patients graft-versus-host disease can be induced by blood products that contain live lymphocytes. Leukocyte filtration techniques are widely used to avoid most but not all of these harmful side effects of blood component therapy. In contrast to these harmful side effects in certain immunogenetic conditions, alloantigens that are expressed on various blood products can elicit an advantageous suppression of the immune response in the recipient. In the context of kidney transplantation this is termed the ‘beneficial transfusion effect’, and typically results in the prolongation of the graft’s survival. In cases of recurrent habitual abortion and IgG therapy associated with certain autoimmune diseases, immunization with leukocytes specifically takes advantage of this phenomenon. To date the beneficial transfusion effect is not fully understood. In certain cases of malignancies or gastrointestinal surgeries this suppression of immune regulation that is induced by transfusion can worsen the clinical state either by permitting the spread of the tumor or by allowing severe infections to proceed unchecked. In conclusion it is imperative to monitor the immunological consequences of transfusion in order to deter the disadvantageous side effects. Taking advantage of the ‘beneficial transfusion effect’ may also provide a new means for immune therapy using the various blood products.
Antenatal, early diagnosis and treatment of toxoplasmosis in mothers, together with treatment and follow-up of their offspring, may considerably reduce the incidence of the disease in the offspring.
Absztrakt: Bevezetés: Az Egészségügyi Világszervezet a COVID–19-járvány idején nyújtandó szolgáltatásokról ajánlásokat (megfelelő tájékoztatás, a gyógyszerellátottság biztosítása, a rendelési idők kiszélesítése, távkonzultáció bevezetése) fogalmazott meg. Célkitűzés: Az ajánlások háziorvosi ellátórendszerbeli érvényesülésének, a betegellátás (napi betegforgalom, a légúti betegek ellátása, javaslatos készítmények felírása, keresőképtelen állományba vétel) változásainak felmérése. Módszer: 2020. április 26. és május 3. között háziorvosok körében online, anonim, 26 tételes kérdőíves adatgyűjtés történt a medukator.eu weboldalon (a praxisok alapjellemzői; a járvánnyal kapcsolatos szabályok ismerete; információs csatornák/hatékonyságuk; a betegforgalom és a rendelési idő változása; távkonzultáció; a légúti betegek ellátása). Eredmények: A kérdőívet 787 (287 férfi és 500 nő) háziorvos töltötte ki. A háziorvosok 96,6%-a a járási hivataltól értesül a járvánnyal kapcsolatos feladatairól, 44,6% szerint elegendő a tájékoztatás. A betegek lakóhelyi tájékoztatásával a háziorvosok 20,8%-a teljes mértékben elégedett, szemben a központi tájékoztatással (15,4%). Minden háziorvos szerint – életkoruktól függetlenül – járványban bárkinek rendelhető gyógyszer távkonzultációval. Járványban az átlagos rendelői esetszám alakulása Budapesten 8,5, a 15 000–50 000 lakosú városokban 9,4, míg az 5000–15 000 fős településeken 15. Az otthoni átlagos heti látogatások szignifikáns mértékben csökkentek a 40–65 év közötti (a járvány előtt: 8,3; a járvány idején: 1,5), illetve a 65 évesnél idősebb (a járvány előtt: 7,52; a járvány idején: 1,1) háziorvosoknál. A praxisok 87%-a felkészült a távkonzultációra, ennek megtartását támogatja a 40 év alattiak 53,8%-a, a 40–65 év közöttiek 52,5%-a, a 65 év felettiek 43%-a. Következtetések: A járványhelyzet felhívta a figyelmet az egyértelmű, egycsatornás információk hiánya okozta problémákra a háziorvosi rendszerben Magyarországon. A rendelői és az otthoni betegellátások számának csökkenése mellett bebizonyosodott, hogy a távkonzultáció rendszerszinten is működhet, jelentősen bővített esetkörrel a jövőben is kívánatos a napi gyakorlatban. Orv Hetil. 2020; 161(40): 1699–1705.
Routine screening of Hungarian blood donors for anti-HCV commenced in the second half of 1992. Before this, five available anti-HCV ELISA kits were compared in pilot studies. In the first series, 831 random donor samples were tested by one of the tests and the 12 (1.4%) reactives found were retested by the other four. Six of the reactives were positive in all ELISA. In the second series, 325 samples from donors with elevated transaminase levels were tested by all five kits. Forty-four were found to be reactive by one or more of the tests and 32 (10%) were positive in all five assays. Samples concordantly reactive in the ELISA were positive in second or third generation recombinant immunoblot assay (RIBA 2 or RIBA 3); those that gave discordant results were indeterminate or negative. Eleven concordantly reactive samples from the second series were HCV RNA positive by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). In the first period of screening with Abbott ELISA 2 a repeat-reactivity rate of 0.98% was observed in 171,106 samples tested. Reactives were retested for supplementary testing by Wellcozyme anti-HCV. Donors reactive in both tests and strongly reactive (ELISA ratio (ER) = optical density/cut off > or = 2.5) in either of them were permanently deferred. Those negative in the supplementary ELISA or weakly reactive (1.0 < or = ER < 2.5) in both tests were subjected to RIBA 2. On the basis of RIBA, positive donors were permanently deferred, indeterminates were excluded for 1 year and negatives were readmitted. In 1992, 1,347 supplementary tests were completed; 824 (61%) of the respective donors were permanently deferred, 218 (16%) were deferred for 1 year and 305 (23%) were readmitted.
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