Historically, one of the most robust findings from human capital wage equations has been that married men earn more than men who never marry. However, the earnings premium paid to married compared with never-married men declined by more than 40 percent during the 1980s. Data from the National Longitudinal Surveys (young men and youth cohorts) are used to explore two competing explanations for this decline: changes in the selection of high-wage men into marriage and changes in the productivity effects of marriage due to declining specialization within households. The results suggest that the drop in the marriage wage premium was due largely to a decline in the productivity effects associated with marriage. Instrumental variables estimation suggests that these declining productivity effects can be explained by a reduction in the average degree of specialization across households coupled with an increase in the wage penalty associated with wives' labor market hours.

Theories attempting to explain the emotions are found in the very earliest psychological literature. The ancients considered emotions to be non-physical entities located in the various visceral organs. They believed that sorrow was located in the heart, jealousy in the liver, hate in the gallbladder, anger in the spleen, etc. The more modern mentalists do not thus locate the emotions but define them no less psychically, as the "affective aspect of the operation of any one of the principal instincts." 2 For example, the instinct of escape is accompanied by the emotion of fear, the instinct of combat is accompanied by the emotion of anger, the parental instinct is accompanied by the emotion of love and tenderness, and so on through fourteen instincts and their accompanying emotions. In other words, emotion for the mentalist is the psychic aspect of the physical processes commonly known as instincts. A recent writer says that, "Emotion is the cognitive aspect of the physiological processes stirred up by a situation which is natively or habitually unwelcome or dangerous or unusual to the organism." 3 Prior to 1885 the mentalist understood emotion to be a psychic phenomenon which aroused or caused physiological 1 Max Meyer has pointed out in a stimulating article ("That whale among the fishes-the theory of emotions," PSYCHOL. REV., 1933, 40, 292-300) that emotion is fundamentally no different from other forms of behavior. A complete understanding of organic behavior will include all information about emotion. If it were possible to solve the problem of organic behavior adequately, there would then be no need to discuss emotion. It would have been included. The writer agrees with Meyer if that condition could be met. However, since we understand organic behavior only inadequately, it would seem justifiable to discuss emotion as a separate problem. It is perhaps too important to be submerged in a general discussion of organic behavior.

No abstract

No abstract

Fourth degree: The knowledge of a specialized field (such as, accounting, drafting, statistics, motion analysis) such as acquired in about 2 years of specialized posthigh-school training.Key jobs-electrician, detailer-designFifth degree: The knowledge of a technical field, such as mechanical engineering, which is normally acquired in 4 years of college training.Key jobs-engineers, chemists, technical salesmen Sixth degree: Specialized knowledge and training acquired in 2 or 3 years of graduate study.