Percutaneous needle tracheostomy and transtracheal ventilation continues to be advocated for the management of upper airway obstruction. Recent studies recommend the use of artificial ventilation. However, as apparatus for this is not always available and because there remains some doubt regarding conditions for successful use of needle tracheostomy during spontaneous respiration, we undertook such a study in dogs. Pressure-flow characteristics of short hollow needles 18–10 SWG were first determined. The smallest of these (14 SWG Bardic Intracath) that would deliver flow sufficient (by calculation) to meet the respiratory requirement of 10–13 kg laboratory dogs was selected for further study. Respiration was possible by spontaneous or artificial methods in the presence of complete tracheal occlusion. Little or no deterioration was noted in an hour of such breathing. Artificial ventilation by machine and by hand could considerably lower PaCO2. We conclude that the technique is possible provided appropriate needles are selected and care is given to their method of use.
We present a fuzzy rule-based system for epileptic seizure onset detection. Two features based on temporal evolution of seizure in electroencephalogram ͑EEG͒ were extracted from intracranial EEG ͑iEEG͒ recordings. Features extracted from multichannel EEGs were combined using fuzzy algorithms in feature domain as well as in spatial ͑channels͒ domain. Fuzzy rules were derived from experts' knowledge and reasoning. Finally, a predefined threshold was used to make the final decision. A total of 40.46 h of iEEG recordings ͑obtained from Freiburg Seizure Prediction EEG database͒ selected from 13 patients having 19 seizures was used for the system evaluation. The overall detection rate of 100% was achieved with false detection rate of 0.275/h and the average detection latency of 26.858 seconds.
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