SYNOPSIS A moderately sensitive, rapid, and economical test scheme for the detection of infantile gastroenteritis virus (IGV) in stool or antibody in serum has been developed and evaluated. The test scheme with minor modifications was an adaptation of a counter-immunoelectro-osmophoresis system we once used for the detection of hepatitis B antigen. Large numbers of stool samples may be screened during half a working day for the presence of IGV using reference antiserum to IGV prepared in guinea-pigs. Serological studies of a diagnostic but not epidemiological nature may also be performed with equal facility by this same test scheme using highly purified IGV antigen derived from stool.A specific virus variously called orbi, reo-like, rota, or duovirus has now been found throughout the world (Kapikian et al, 1975). This virus is a major cause of gastroenteritis in infants and young children during colder months in temperate climes (Middleton et al, 1974;Davidson et al, 1975). Until further morphological studies (Martin et al, 1975) and the results of characterization tests have been published we prefer to employ the term and label the agent by the more descriptive name infantile gastroenteritis virus (IGV).Our interest in IGV arose in the course of providing a clinical virology service to a large paediatric hospital. We have found that one electron microscopist and one electron microscope could handle approximately 20 samples per day. Since our service demands often exceeded this capability in gastroenteritis stool samples alone, it became imperative that we explore alternative yet equally rapid diagnostic methods. During the first four months of 1975 our service identified 190 IGV infections by negative contrast staining electron microscopy using non-purified unconcentrated stool samples. Five more identifications were made following stool or rectal swab eluate ultracentrifugation. Two additional and fatal cases were identified by indirect immunofluorescence of small bowel mucosa in this same time span.Complement fixation as a means of providing a rapid diagnosis based on antigen detection was Received for publication 13 August 1975 discarded after a pilot study had shown that crude stool suspensions were often anticomplementary. From experience gathered in work on serum hepatitis, the technique of counter-immunoelectro-osmophoresis (CIEOP) suggested several advantages. By adopting a CIEOP system the anticomplementary problem might be avoided, large numbers of stool samples could be screened during one working day, and the volume of reactants used in the test system would be considerably less than those employed even in a conventional microcomplement fixation test. Moreover, crude stool suspensions might well contain a quantity of subvirion antigen which could migrate towards the anode under the influence of an electric field and produce precipitation lines with reference antibody. Material and Methods CLINICAL SPECIMENSStool specimens were collected from patients admitted to the Hospital for Sick Children, To...
A solid-phase radioimmunoassay method has been developed for the detection of rotavirus in the form of a purified antigen and in stool. The parameters of the radioimmunoassay were examined and optimized to give high sensitivity and same-day results. Compared with electron microscopy, the assay is up to 10 times as sensitive for detection of the virus in stool and up to 128 times as sensitive for detection of a purified virus antigen. In a field study on stool specimens it was at least as efficient as electron microscopy. The development ofradioiodination processes (5, 8) and the finding that gamma globulin was adsorbed by polystyrene tubes (1) were the essential techniques of the clinically usable solidphase radioimmunoassay (RIA). In virology, the RIA was developed to detect such agents as the hepatitis B surface antigen (4), the hepatitis A antigen (13), and herpesvirus (4), as well as antibodies to virus (3, 7). Generally, the method involved attachment of a specific antibody to a solid phase such as
Antibodies are a key component of the adaptive immune response but their activity has previously thought to be limited to the extracellular environment. We have demonstrated that pathogens traffic surface-bound antibodies to the intracellular compartment where they are recognised and neutralized by the high affinity cytosolic Fc receptor TRIM21. In this study we demonstrate that following detection of pathogen-antibody complexes, TRIM21 is able to synthesise K63-linked ubiquitin chains resulting in signalling via NF-κB, AP-1 and IRF3/5/7 pathways. Detection by TRIM21 is sufficient to induce the production of cytokines including CXCL10, IL-6 and IFN-β. Furthermore a wide range of intracellular pathogens, including Salmonella, non-enveloped DNA viruses and RNA viruses can be detected by TRIM21. TRIM21 therefore provides context-dependent detection of intracellular antibody, mediating potent neutralization and signalling functions.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.