Anthurium amnicola Dressler possesses a number of desirable and novel ornamental traits such as a purple-colored upright spathe, profuse flowering, and floral scent, some of which have been introgressed into modern Anthurium cultivars. As a first step in identifying genes associated with these traits, the transcriptome from root, leaf, spathe, and spadix from an accession of A. amnicola was assembled, resulting in 28,019 putative transcripts representing 19,458 unigenes. Genes involved in pigmentation, including those for the metabolism of chlorophyll and the biosynthesis of carotenoids, phenylpropanoids, and flavonoids were identified. The expression levels of one MYB transcription factor was highly correlated with naringenin 3-dioxygenase (F3H) and dihydroflavonol-4-reductase (DFR) in leaves, whereas a bHLH transcription factor was highly correlated with flavonoid 3′-monooxygenase (F3′H) and a DFR in spathes, suggesting that these two transcription factors might regulate flavonoid and anthocyanin synthesis in A. amnicola. Gene sequence and expression data from four major organs of A. amnicola provide novel basal information for understanding the genetic bases of ornamental traits and the determinants and evolution of form and function in the Araceae.Anthurium is a major cut flower and potted plant with a long and important history of breeding, selection, and cultivation in Hawaii. Today, the largest production comes from the Netherlands, with significant production and research in Hawaii and other tropical and subtropical areas. A popular attraction is its colorful spathe, a modified leaf that is associated with the spadix, an organ often also found in varied colors housing numerous bisexual, protogynous flowers. The major spathe color classes red, pink, orange, coral, and purple are from variations in anthocyanin type and levels and white coloration represents loss of pigment. Further, green coloration is thought to occur from variations in chlorophyll production, while brown coloration is likely derived from variations in anthocyanin and chlorophyll content [1][2][3][4][5] .The genus Anthurium consists of as many as 1,500 species found between Southern Mexico and Northern Argentina and is the largest genus in the Araceae family 6 . A limited sampling revealed that Anthurium species possess medium-sized genomes ranging from between 2 to 10 Gbp per haploid genome 7 . A majority of the modern Anthurium cultivars in the market today descend from historical or recent hybrids between species 8 particularly with A. andraeanum, which is characterized by the commercially popular heart-shaped spathe. Spathe and
Burrowing nematode (Radopholus similis) causes severe stunting and yield reduction in anthurium (Anthurium andraeanum) cut flower production. Two field trials were conducted at commercial grower farms to test the efficacy of fluopyram or fluopyram + trifloxystrobin for managing burrowing nematodes. Nematode population densities in roots and cinder media were evaluated during the trial in addition to cut flower yield and canopy cover. In the first trial, the nematode population in roots was reduced by 57% after two applications of fluopyram 3 months apart. As plant health improved, the increasing anthurium root weight supported higher nematode populations. After 14 months, fluopyram-treated plots had 43% more green canopy cover and a 53% increase in flower production compared with the untreated control plots. At a second location, population densities of burrowing nematode were reduced in roots after one application of fluopyram + trifloxystrobin and remained low with quarterly applications. Nematode populations were initially reduced in fluopyram-treated plots followed by a resurgence as demonstrated in the other trial. Ten months after the initial treatment, flower yield was greater in fluopyram + trifloxystrobin-treated plots with more large and extra-large flowers produced. Canopy cover was 45% and 22% greater with fluopyram + trifloxystrobin and fluopyram applications, respectively. Fluopyram shows potential for management of burrowing nematodes in anthurium by improving plant vigor and cut flower production.
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