Monolayers of n-dodecanethiol molecules on surfaces of polycrystalline nickel electrochemically pretreated are obtained by immersion either in pure n-dodecanethiol or in a solution of the mercaptan in absolute ethanol. The influence of the electrochemical pretreatment on the quality of the organic layer has been studied by contact angle measurements, electrochemistry, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. It is found that n-dodecanethiol monolayers directly adsorbed on nickel surfaces without electrochemical pretreatment are of poor quality and exhibit a significant proportion of the thiols oxidized into sulfonates and sulfinates. On the contrary, the electrochemical pretreatment leads to monolayers with significantly improved physicochemical properties such as better chemical stability, resistance to electrochemical oxidation, and molecular order.

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SYNOPSISThe surface chemistry of plasma-deposited films created from amine-functionalized saturated (propylamine) and unsaturated (allylamine and propargylamine) precursors has been investigated by high-energy resolution XPS, chemical derivatization, elemental analysis, and HREELS. XPS results show that nitrogen-rich deposits are obtained from unsaturated precursors at low power or at high power in the postdischarge region. Quantitative information on the chemical groups in the polymers is obtained by simulating the XPS C l s and N l s core levels and by performing derivatization reactions. The proportion of primary amine functions deduced from tagging reactions with pentafluorobenzaldehyde in the liquid phase and with 4-trifluoromethylbenzaldehyde in the vapor phase varies between 10 and 33%. These groups are converted into imine (more than 50%) in polypropylamine and polyallylamine, while imine and nitrile functions were found in polypropargylamine. HREELS has allowed us to distinguish between different nitrogen-containing functionalities present at the extreme surface of the polymers. The comparison of the HREELS and TIR spectra shows that the chemical composition a t the extreme surface of the samples is representative of that of the bulk. To explain the conversion of the chemical groups in the plasma, polymerization mechanisms are proposed for each of the monomers.

Valence band X-ray photoelectron spectra of the rutile oxides TiO2, RuO2, and IrO2 show a distinct evolution as a function of the increasing number of metal d-electrons. The observations are found to be in excellent agreement with recent theoretical models. Intensity analysis and photo-ionization cross sections are used to confirm the nature of the band responsible for conducting properties. The result is in accordance with a crystal field model proposed earlier. The deduced number of "free electrons" in the valence band is used to correlate the asymmetry recorded for the core level lines.