Streambed conductance controls the interaction between surface and groundwater. However, the streambed conductance is often subject to transience. Directly measuring hydraulic properties in a river yields only point values, is time‐consuming and therefore not suited to detect transience of physical properties. Here, we present a method to continuously monitor transience in streambed conductance. Input data are time series of stream stage and near stream hydraulic head. The method is based on the inversion of floodwave responses. The analytical model consists of three parameters: x, the distance between streambank and an observation well, α, the aquifer diffusivity, and a the retardation coefficient that is inversely proportional to the streambed conductance. Estimation of a is carried out over successive time steps in order to identify transience in streambed conductance. The method is tested using synthetic data and is applied to field data from the Rhône River and its alluvial aquifer (Switzerland). The synthetic method demonstrated the robustness of the proposed methodology. Application of the method to the field data allowed identifying transience in streambed properties, following flood events in the Rhône. This method requires transience in the surface water, and the river should not change its width significantly with a rising water level. If these conditions are fulfilled, this method allows for a rapid and effective identification of transience in streambed conductance.
From 1977 to 1981, 40 infants and children were operated for incarcerated inguinal hernia, 35 boys and 5 girls. During this time, 903 hernias were cured. Follow-up examination has been possible with 32 boys, from 6 months to 5 years after surgery. Three have an irreversible lesion of the testis (2 atrophies, 1 orchiectomy), 4 a decrease of testicular volume, 1 has a bilateral retentio testis, 1 has a cryptorchidism on the non-operated contralateral side and 23 are normal. Risk factors of testicular lesions were studied with regard to age, duration of symptoms, reducIbility of hernia and to other clinical findings, and the follow-ups are evaluated with regard to macroscopic operative appearance of testicles. The group of infants less than 1 month of age with symptoms for more than 24 hours and with ileus is the highest risk group for testicular infarction at the time of incarceration of hernia.
Rectal varices represent a rare condition even in cases of portal hypertension. A case of bleeding ano-rectal varices presenting as the first manifestation of portal hypertension is reported. Treatment by sclerotherapy was successful.
Laparotomy means leaving the abdomen open after a laparotomy. This enables the surgeon to revise the abdominal cavity regularly and to check the efficacy of the drainage without repeated damages to the abdominal wall. In adults, this method is used in cases of abdominal pathology with necrotic or infectious pathogenesis. We describe the method of laparotomy in 3 cases of paediatric surgery. It was used in cases of postoperative peritonitis and we think that laparotomy may be used in these situations, especially because there are almost no sequelae.
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