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A stable complex between pentaammineruthenium(III) and histidine-33 in horse heart ferricytochrome c is formed in the reaction between aquopentaammineruthenium(II) and the protein at pH 7. HPLC of the tryptic hydrolysate of the modified protein was employed to identify the pentaammineruthenium binding site. Spectroscopic measurements show that the integrity of the native structure in the vicinity of the heme c group is maintained in the ruthenium-modified protein. Matthews has shown (2-5) that Ru(NH3)5H202+ is a good reagent for modification of histidine residues in proteins, and we have found that the reaction of Ru(NH3)5H202' with horse heart cytochrome c, followed by oxidation, produces several stable Ru(NH3)53+-ferricytochrome c derivatives. Characterization of one of these derivatives, Ru(NH3)5(His-33)3+-ferricytochrome c, is reported here. Five distinct peaks (A-E) from four separate Ru(NH3)5Cl2+/ Zn (amalgam) preparations were pooled and purified as follows: Peak A (ca. 32 mg ofcytochrome c) was rechromatographed on a column (2.3 x 32 cm) ofCM52 with 85 mM sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.0); peak B (ca. 42 mg) was rechromatographed on CM52 with 85 mM sodium phosphate buffer (column bed, 2.3 X 26 cm); peak C (ca. 48 mg) also was eluted from a CM52 column (2.3 x 19 cm) with 85 mM sodium phosphate buffer; peaks D (ca. 24 mg) and E (ca. 43 mg) were rechromatographed on CM52 with 100 mM sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.0). Column beds were 2.3 x 19 cm (peak D) and 2.3 X 17 cm (peak E). In all cases, a flow rate of 30 ml/hr was maintained and 5-ml fractions were collected. The absorbance ofevery other fraction was read at 410 nm. MATERIALS AND METHODSThe fractions corresponding to each ofthe major species that eluted upon rechromatography were pooled (A'-E'). All experiments reported here are for E' (concentrated solutions that were to be used within a few days were kept at 4°C; other samples were shell-frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at -100C) or its analogue in the Rutgers' preparation. E' was analyzed for Ru by flame atomic absorption. The Ru/heme c ratio was found to be 1:1 (± 10%).Protein Modification (at Rutgers). A 20-ml solution of Ru(NH3)5H202+ (-0 7052The publication costs ofthis article were defrayed in part by page charge payment. This article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U. S. C. §1734 solely to indicate this fact.

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The beta-gene-cluster haplotype and alpha-gene status were determined for 221 patients with sickle cell anemia, 41 with SC disease, and 21 with S-beta-thalassemia. Among SS patients, eleven beta S haplotypes were found in 21 combinations. Three haplotypes--the Benin (Ben) [---+-], the Central African Republic (CAR) [+---+], and the Senegal (Sen) [+- ]--comprise 61%, 21%, and 10% of the chromosomes, respectively. Cleavage at the Xmn I site 5' to the G gamma gene was observed only when the Senegalese arrangement was present. The linear correlation which exists between the absolute value of the G gamma chains and the Hb F for each haplotype combination suggests a feed-back mechanism which controls the G gamma to A gamma ratio and thus the Hb F level (or vice versa). The A gamma T chain was present with specific haplotypes [++-++] and [++-+-]. Heterozygous or homozygous alpha-thalassemia-2 was present in 36% of the SS patients and was randomly distributed among beta S-gene-cluster haplotypes. The variable levels of hemoglobin, MCV, Hb F, G gamma chains, and Hb A2 are in response to the heterogeneous genetic mix of the beta S-gene-cluster haplotypes and alpha-thalassemia-2 in American patients with sickle cell anemia. The influence of alpha-thalassemia-2 on the level of Hb F is dependent on the beta S-cluster haplotype. Hb A2 levels increased with decrease in the number of alpha genes. Among SC and S-beta-thalassemia patients the beta-cluster polymorphisms on the beta S chromosome were those commonly associated with the African origins of beta S haplotype. The haplotype [+--+-] was present on the C chromosome in 90% of the cases. Most beta-thalassemia chromosomes had haplotypes that matched the common African polymorphisms. An alpha-gene deletion was found in 29% of the SC and S-beta-thalassemia patients.