The chemical composition of silage from whole crop barley {Hordeum vulgare L.) harvested at head emergence, milk or dough stage of maturity was estimated and palatability and digestibility trials on sheep were conducted. Crude protein and ADF content in DM decreased with advancing maturity from about 104 to 84 and 350 to 306 g/kg, whereas DM, ADL and N-free extractives increased at the same time from 222 to 317; 27 to 39.6, and 439 to 522 g/kg, respectively. Palatability and voluntary intake of silage produced from barley harvested at milk and dough stages of maturity were higher. The proportion of lactic acid to total acids was similar in all silages (0.85), the percent of NH 3-N in total N decreased with advancing maturity from 13.3 to 10.0. Voluntary silage DM intake increased with maturity of barley, but digestibility of crude fibre, NDF, ADF, ether extract and N-free extractives decreased.
Short review of grassland restoration techniques has been made with emphasis on the application of newly developed wide-strip overseeding aggregate. Machines currently available on the market are not suitable for all types of soil and grassland conditions. Vredo seeder is useless on muck soils, while Moore aggregate requires herbicide application. Therefore it is not to be applied in organic farming. Construction designated in ITP Kłudzienko (wide-strip overseeder) is a very economical and effective, possible to be used also on muck soils and without assistance of any chemicals. Operation of the machine consists of ‘milling’ of wide (about 10 cm) strips of sod and overseeding of mineral fertilizers and seeds of grasses, legumes and herbs. Cultivator for soil ‘milling’ strips is driven by the tractor PTO. By changing the spacing of strips, an oversown area can be resized from 20% to 40%. The effect of overseeding, evaluated next year exposed the increase of hay yield from 0.8 to 1.2 t · ha-1 of dry matter in the first cut. Such innovative construction is particularly important in dairy farms which are in the need of the best quality feed.
Crawler tractor with specific loads on the hitch loses traction abilities during cornering and causes intensive destruction of the surface layer of soil. This phenomenon may be limited if relevantly selected parameters of the cornering mechanisms were applied. The objective of the paper was to determine the impact of the cornering mechanism parameters on the crawler tractor maneuver ability. The object of the research was a planetary cornering mechanism which enables fluent change of the cornering radius through the change of the rotational speed of planetary gears drive by pneumatic engines. Relations of the turning radius to the slip of the spinning and overleaping crawler at the speed of 7 km·h-1 without the load on the hitch and with the load of 40 kN were defined. The average values of drift and the turning radius as a function of drive speed from 0 to 2.5 m·s−1 on the moist soil μ=0.4 and dry soil μ=0.8 were determined. Relations of the turning radius to the pressure of oil pump oil, to the drive speed and to the load on the hitch were set forth. The research proved that when using the hydraulic pump with the regulated expense the working pressure of oil may be maximally reduced to 30 MPa, the power of the pump may be reduced by twofold, the possibility of turning in difficult field conditions within the scope of the required speed may be enabled. To ensure the required turning radius of the crawler tractor it is recommended to install the pump with the efficiency of 33 cm3·rot−1 and a regulated hydraulic motor with the capacity of 56 сm3·rot−1 with a power regulation within 2.0-2.5, at the same time maximum pressure of liquid will not exceed 35 MPa and the determined power of the hydraulic gear will amount to 52.6 kW.
Aim of the research is to increase the efficiency of the mechanical and technological process of separation of sunflower seed mixture on vibro-pneumatic separators, the principle of which is based on the interaction of seed flow with the surface having fluctuation-type vibration load by substantiating their efficient processing and technological parameters. A system of differential equations of sunflower seeds motions, as a granular gas, under the action of a vibrating surface was developed, taking into account the elastic-damping interaction and physical and mechanical properties of seeds. The presented system of differential equations is the basis of the physical and mathematical means of numerical modeling of this process, which was implemented in the software package STAR-CCM +. To build physical and mathematical models, it was assumed that sunflower seeds are presented in the form of ellipsoids with a certain density and effective diameter. As a result of numerical simulation of the process of moving sunflower seeds under the action of a vibrating sieve, dependences of the change in total concentration θ and productivity q on seed supply Q, sieve angle α, sieve frequency ψ and sieve amplitude A were obtained. As a result of numerical simulation of the process of moving sunflower seeds under the action of a vibrating surface, dependences of the change of filling factor χ, distribution coefficient δ and productivity q on seed supply Q, vibration surface angles α and β, oscillation frequency ψ, oscillation amplitude A and set air velocity V were obtained. Theoretical provisions were implemented and tested in the development of an adaptive vibrating screen separator of sunflower seeds (Ukrainian patent #120235).
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