Biotite alteration under acid conditions proceeds differently from the generally accepted pathway of transformation to vermiculite in which hydrated cations cause interlayer expansion, resulting in a dark-colored peripheral band on mica particles. Acid solutions of synthetic or biologic origin remove octahedral ions, leaving a fragile matrix of amorphous material.
Macronutrient removals by conventional and bole and branch harvesting systems were evaluated on a mixed hardwoods site in north central Wisconsin. Samples indicate that minimum soil reserves of nitrogen, phosphorous, and magnesium are 5–15 times greater than the amounts removed by a harvest cut at the end of a 45-year rotation. Currently available reserves of potassium and calcium are 1–3 times greater than harvest removals. Estimates indicate that natural inputs will supplement these reserves over such rotations, but may not balance drains over substantially shorter rotations. Nutrient cycling and possible replenishment of elements are discussed along with silvicultural implications.
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