1Ocular drug delivery is an interesting field in current research. Silica nanoparticles (SiNPs) are promising drug carriers for ophthalmic drug delivery. However, little is known about the toxicity of SiNPs on ocular surface cells such as human corneal epithelial cells (HCECs). In this study, we evaluated the cytotoxicity induced by 50, 100 and 150 nm sizes of SiNPs on cultured HCECs for up to 48 hours. SiNPs were uptaken by HCECs inside cytoplasmic vacuoles. Cellular reactive oxygen species generation was mildly elevated, dose dependently, with SiNPs, but no significant decrease of cellular viability was observed up to concentrations of 100 μg/ml for three different sized SiNPs. Western blot assays revealed that both cellular autophagy and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathways were activated with the addition of SiNPs. Our findings suggested that 50, 100 and 150 nm sized SiNPs did not induce significant cytotoxicity in cultured HCECs.The cornea is typically the major route of intraocular transport of topically applied drugs 1 . Corneal epithelial cells constitute the outermost mechanical barrier of the ocular surface 2 . These cells are replenished periodically in every 2 weeks by newly differentiated epithelial cells from the limbal area 2,3 . As a most surface layer, corneal epithelial cells are continuously exposed to the outer atmosphere, therefore, they provide the first line of defense against foreign materials invading the ocular surface 2 . This protective role of corneal epithelial cells, on the other hand, sometimes serves as a mechanical barrier for ocular penetration of topically administered medication 1 . To enhance ocular drug penetration, nanoparticle based drug delivery systems have been intensively investigated with promising results [4][5][6] . Amorphous silica nanoparticles (SiNPs) are some of the most promising nanoparticle systems for ocular drug delivery. SiNPs have stable chemical structures, large surface to volume ratios, ease of surface modification and tolerable biodegradability 7 . Due to these physical properties, biomedical applications of SiNPs have been intensively investigated 7,8 . Recent study suggests that small sized (50 nm) silica nanoparticles are readily permeable into de-epithelialized cornea 9 . However, cytotoxicity is the most significant issue with SiNPs. It is known that the cellular toxicity and biological effect of SiNPs are largely dependent on the size and concentration of the SiNPs 10,11 . In addition, different cell types have shown different susceptibility and patterns of SiNPs nanotoxicity 11,12 . Recently, several studies have demonstrated that SiNPs have no direct cytotoxicity on retinal endothelial cells and retinal neuronal tissue 13 . However, the nanotoxicity of SiNPs on corneal epithelial cells is not fully studied yet although these cells are the first encounters when SiNPs are topically administered for ocular therapy.Herein, monodisperse and non-porous SiNPs with diameters of 50, 100 and 150 nm were employed to investigate how particle siz...
Abstract. We show that, on an oriented Riemannian 4-manifold, existence of a non-zero parallel spinor with respect to a spin c structure implies that the underlying smooth manifold admits a Kähler structure. A similar but weaker condition is obtained for the 4-manifold to admit a symplectic structure. We also show that the spin c structure in which the non-zero parallel spinor lives is equivalent to the canonical spin c structure associated to the Kähler structure.
PurposeSilica nanoparticles (SiNPs) are closely related to our daily life including drug delivery, cosmetics and fine dust. However, the influence of SiNPs on human corneal keratocyte cells has not yet been widely studied. In this study, we investigated the effect of SiNPs on cultured human keratocytes.MethodsHuman keratocytes were cultured in DMEM/F12(1:1) medium containing 10% FBS and Antibiotic‐Antimycotic. SiNPs exposure was performed by adding 50, 100 and 150 nm of non‐porous SiNPs into culture media with different concentrations (10, 20, 50, 100 μg/ml) for 24 and 48 h. Keratocytes viability was measured using CCK‐8 reagent after 24 and 48 h exposure of SiNPs. Release of Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) was measured by LDH cytotoxicity detection kit. The measurement of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation was performed using Fluorometric Intracellular Ros Kit. Cellular autophagy activity (LC3B and Beclin 1) and mTOR pathway activation (p‐mTOR and mTOR) were detected by Western Blot.ResultsIn human keratocytes, significant cellular cytotoxicity and membrane damage were not detected after exposure to three different sizes of SiNPs for 24 and 48 h. Intracellular ROS generation was slightly increased at high concentration (100 μg/ml) of three sizes of SiNPs. And Cellular autophagy was significantly activated in concentration‐dependent manner after exposure to SiNPs for 24 h with increase of western blot for LC3A/B. The upstream of autophagy signaling, the mTOR pathway, was slightly activated after exposure to three sizes of SiNPs.ConclusionsSiNPs (50, 100, 150 nm) induced no significant cytotoxicity in cultured human keratocytes.
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