Summary The records of 35 horses with Grade 3 or 4 rectal tears, presented to the Veterinary Medical Center at Texas A&M University over a five year period, were reviewed. Grade 3 tears were sub‐classified according to whether the remaining tissue was serosa (Grade 3a) or mesorectum (Grade 3b). Five horses were destroyed on presentation and 30 were treated by primary suture closure (8 horses), faecal diversion alone (9 horses) or in combination with suture closure (11 horses) and packing of the tear with medicated gauze sponges (two horses). Faecal diversion was achieved with a temporary indwelling rectal liner (TIRL) in 19 horses and colostomy in one. Survival was related to classification of the tear, efficacy of first aid measures administered at time of injury and method of treatment. Seventy‐four per cent of horses with Grade 3a tears and 44 per cent of those with Grade 3b tears survived. Grade 4 tears had a grave prognosis. Horses given adequate first aid before admission had a better survival rate. With proper patient selection, primary closure of the tear with sutures yielded excellent results. In horses which were not candidates for suture closure alone, a combination of faecal diversion and suturing gave better results than faecal diversion only. In addition, selected horses were treated successfully by packing the rectal tear with gauze sponges. The results demonstrate the value of a TIRL to divert faeces and appropriate first aid measures in treating rectal tears.
Summary Detomidine hydrochloride, butorphanol tartrate, flunixin meglumine and xylazine hydrochloride were evaluated in a blind multi‐centre clinical trial in 152 horses with abdominal pain. The drugs were administered as follows: detomidine 20 or 40 μg/kg bodyweight (bwt); butorphanol 0.1 mg/kg bwt; flunixin meglumine 1.0 mg/kg bwt; xylazine hydrochloride 0.5 mg/kg bwt. Each centre compared responses to the two doses of detomidine with those to one of the other analgesics. The drugs were administered intravenously (iv) after clinical assessment of the degree of sweating, kicking, pawing, head and body movement, attitude, lip curling, stretching to urinate, pulse rate, respiratory rate and rectal temperature. Similar assessments were repeated at 15 min intervals for at least 1 h. The investigators ranked the response to treatment from ‘not satisfactory’ to ‘highly satisfactory’. Significant differences in sweating, kicking, pawing, head and body movement, attitude, pulse rate and respiratory rate were noted between the horses receiving butorphanol and either dose of detomidine. The investigators' subjective evaluation of the analgesic and sedative effects of either dose of detomidine were significantly better than for butorphanol. Analgesia was rated as highly satisfactory or satisfactory in 93.3 per cent and 6.7 per cent of the horses receiving 40 μg/kg bwt of detomidine, 73.3 per cent and 26.7 per cent of the horses receiving 20 μg/kg bwt of detomidine, and none of the horses receiving butorphanol. There were no differences in the incidence of side effects with the two compounds. Significant differences were noted in kicking, pawing, head and body movement and attitude between the horses receiving flunixin meglumine and either dose of detomidine. Flunixin meglumine provided significantly less analgesia than either dose of detomidine. Analgesia was rated as highly satisfactory or satisfactory in 73.7 per cent and 21.0 per cent of the horses receiving 40 μg/kg bwt of detomidine, 42.9 per cent and 21.4 per cent of the horses receiving 20 μg/kg bwt of detomidine, and 6.3 per cent and 37.5 per cent of the horses receiving xylazine. Sedation was considered to be at least satisfactory in 84.2 per cent of the horses receiving 40 μg/kg of detomidine, 71.5 per cent of the horses receiving 20 μg/kg of detomidine and 53.3 per cent of the horses receiving xylazine.
Results suggested that horses with fractures of the greater tubercle of the humerus can return to athletic soundness following treatment and emphasized the need for obtaining a cranioproximal-craniodistal radiographic projection of the proximal portion of the humerus in horses suspected to have an injury in this region.
Summary Reasons for performing study: Previous olecranon fracture reports contain a small proportion of type 5 fractures, mostly treated with conservative therapy. Objectives: To evaluate the clinical details and outcome of type 5 olecranon fractures in a large group of horses treated by tension band plate fixation and to compare results with other treatment methods. Methods: Medical records of 97 cases, including 32 (33%) classified as type 5, were reviewed. Subject details, history, radiographic findings, treatment and follow‐up results (2–146 months post operatively) were recorded. Results: Treatment included open reduction and internal fixation using a narrow or broad dynamic compression plate (n = 20), conservative therapy (n = 7) and euthanasia (n = 5). Long‐term follow‐up was available in 15 cases treated surgically, of which 2 were sound and in training, 11 sound and performing athletically and 2 unsound. Distal semilunar notch involvement, comminution or open status did not appear to affect prognosis. Conclusions: Internal plate fixation provides an excellent prognosis for an animal to be capable of athletic performance. Potential relevance: Describing tension band plate fixation and results offers a method of fracture repair that should improve treatment and prognosis for type 5 olecranon fractures.
Summary Reasons for performing study: Previous olecranon fracture reports contain a small proportion of type 1b fractures, with only a few repaired by tension band plate fixation. Objectives: To evaluate subject details, history, clinical findings and outcome of type 1b olecranon fractures in a large group of horses treated by tension band plate fixation. Methods: Medical records of 77 horses diagnosed with an olecranon fracture were reviewed. Twenty‐fourhorses (31%) were classified as having type 1b olecranon fractures. Clinical details and follow‐up results (4–128 months postoperatively) were recorded. Results: Treatment included open reduction and internal fixation using a narrow dynamic compression plate (n = 20), conservative therapy (n = 2) and euthanasia (n = 2). Long‐term follow‐up was available for 16 plated horses. Four were sound and in training and 9 were sound and performing athletically. Articular surface involvement, comminution, open status orremoval of anconeal process fragments did not appear to affect prognosis or soundness. Conclusions: Internal plate fixation provides an excellent prognosis for an animal capable of athletic performance. Potential relevance: Describing tension band plate fixation and results offers a method of fracture repair that will improve the treatment and prognosis for type 1b olecranon fractures.
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