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OF CONTENTS Introduction Techniques Kinetic studies Apparatus Applications-(2) Analytical chemistry (ii) Inorganic chemistry (iii) Organic chemistry Complementary procedures ConclusionTHERMAL methods of investigation, generally referred to as thermo-or thermal analysis or thenno-analytical techniques, have found wide application in recent years1 These may be defined as experimental methods for characterising a system (element, compound or mixture) by measuring changes in physico-chemical properties at elevated temperatures as a function of increasing temperature.2 The two chief methods are (a) differential thermal analysis,3 in which changes in "heat content" are measured as a function of increasing temperature and (b) thermogravimetric analysis, in which changes in weight are measured as a function of increasing temperature. Other methods that come within this definition involve the use of changes in gas volume or pressure; changes in solid volume; changes in electrical resistance ; changes in ultraviolet, visible or infrared transmission or reflectance.4The two techniques, (a) and (b), provide information relating to certain physical and chemical phenomena, which are listed below-

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The rate of heat release is the most important parameter for characterising an unwanted fire. The oxygen consumption principle has accelerated the development and use of equipment of measure rate of heat release. The Cone Calorimeter is the most significant of small scale instruments in this field. The paper describes the apparatus and theory. Applications including correlation with large scale fire tests are discussed.

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