A comparative study on antioxidative e#ects of vitamin E, amla-electrolyte (Electrolyte mix of Emblica o$cinalis) and mint (Mentha longifolia) supplementation in broilers was conducted during the summer months of May-July with temperature-humidity index ranging from 1-to 2*. Day old broiler chicks (nῌ1/) were randomly divided into five groups. Control group was given basal diet and treatment groups were supplemented with either Vitamin E (,** mg/kg feed), dried mint leaves (+* g/kg and -* g/kg feed) or amla-electrolyte mix (+ g/kg feed) from day + to seven weeks of age. Control group atrd and / th week showed high concentration of lipid peroxidation and low activity of glutathione (GSH) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in erythrocytes, heart, liver and brain cortex. Antioxidants supplemented groups showed significantly reduced level of lipid peroxidation in erythrocytes both atrd and / th week and in tissues. The GSH, catalase, SOD and glutathione reductase activities were elevated in erythrocytes whereas GSH and SOD activities were depressed in treated birds. It can be concluded from the results that oxidative stress in broilers during summer could be ameliorated using herbal antioxidants.

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Adiponectin is an adipocyte-derived hormone regulating energy metabolism, insulin sensitivity and recently found to regulate reproduction. The current study was carried out to investigate gene and protein expression, immunolocalization of adiponectin and its receptors AdipoR1 and AdipoR2 in ovarian follicles of different developmental stages in water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) and to investigate the effect of adiponectin on steroid production in cultured bubaline granulosa cells. qPCR, western blotting and immunohistochemistry were applied to demonstrate mRNA expression, protein expression and immunolocalization, respectively. The results indicate that adiponectin, AdipoR1 and AdipoR2 were present in granulosa cells (GC) and theca interna (TI) of ovarian follicles and the expression of adiponectin, AdipoR1, AdipoR2 in GC and AdipoR1 and AdipoR2 in TI increased with increase in follicle size (p < .05). Expression of adiponectin was high in small and medium size follicles in TI. The adiponectin and its receptors were immunolocalized in the cytoplasm of GC and TI cells. Further, in the in-vitro study, GCs were cultured and treated with recombinant adiponectin each at 0, 1 and 10 µg/ml alone or with follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) at 30 ng/ml) or Insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) at 10 ng/ml for 48 hr after obtaining 75%-80%s confluency. Adiponectin at 10 µg/ml increased IGF-I-induced estradiol (E 2 ) and progesterone (P 4 ) secretion and FSH-induced E 2 secretion from GC and also increased the abundance of factors involved in E 2 and P 4 production (cytochrome P45019A1 [CYP19A1] and 3-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase [3β-HSD]). In conclusion, this study provides novel evidence for the presence of adiponectin and its receptors in ovarian follicles and modulatory role of adiponectin on steroid production in buffalo.

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