The pectinase enzymes isolated from Aspergillus niger, Byssochlamys fulva and Mucor circinelloides were used for fermentation of tea leaves from Camellia sinensis plant. The use of partially purified enzymes from Aspergillus niger and Mucor circinelloides resulted in significant (p < 0.001) increase in the phenolic compounds, hence, improvement in tea quality. Maximum increase in phenolic compounds was found in tea leaves treated with partially purified polygalacturonase (PGase) from Mucor circinelloides. Hence, purified polygalacturonase from Mucor circinelloides was used to study its effect on the improvement of tea leaves fermentation. The partially purified polygalacturonase from Mucor circinelloides was found to be most effective in tea fermentation, whereas pectin lyase from Byssochlamys fulva had little role in improvement of tea quality.
Results of our study suggest that sodium azide is effective in the induction of sterility and dominant lethal mutations in both sexes of M. domestica L. When treated males were crossed with nontreated females, 100% dominant lethal mutations and 72.3% infecundity were found, whereas in the crosses of nontreated males and treated females, 82.5% dominant lethal mutations and 33.1% infecundity were found. This showed that males are more sensitive to sodium azide than females.
Experientia 40 (1984), Birkh/iuser Verlag, CH-4010 Basel/Switzerland behavioral experiments with the tench the nervous excitation elicited by the alarm substance 6-9 was explored. The goal was to discover by which bundle this excitation was conducted from the bulbus olfactorius to the telencephalon. Material and methods. The tench, Tinca tinca L., studied were approximately 30 cm in total length. Each individual lived in a 60-1 tank. The water was changed twice a week. In total we operated on 29 fish under urethane narcosis. A dentist's drill and scalpel were used while the fish were artificially respired. The wounds were closed with a tissue adhesive, Histoacryl | We always performed the corresponding operation on the right and left tractus olfactorius. To prevent regeneration, which would otherwise be fast, we not only cut through each nervous bundle but in every case cut out a 5-mm piece. The following bundles were operated upon bilaterally: a) the lateral bundle alone (8 fish), b) both the lateral and central bundles (6 fish), c) the central bundle alone (4 fish), d) both the central and medial bundles (4 fish), e) the medial bundle alone (7 fish). In addition, 8 fish with intact tractus olfactorii served as controls. All operated fish fed normally a few days after the operation. The behavioral experiments were performed approximately 3 weeks after the operation. In these experiments skin extract containing the alarm substance from a conspecific was poured into the tank. The behavior of the tench was then observed. The technically difficult micro-operations were first carried out by U. Mangold-Wernado in 1980 and they were continued by P. Neusteuer. All behavioral results or reactions by the fish to the alarm substance were evaluated by the senior author without prior knowledge of the kind of operation performed. Results. Out of the 8 control fish with intact tractus olfactorii, 7 responded to the alarm substance with a fright reaction. Of the 8 tench in which only the lateral bundle was separated, none reacted. The same was true for the 6 fish in which both the lateral and central bundles were operated upon. Of the 4 specimens in which only the central bundle was impaired, 2 responded. Of the 4 individuals in which both the central and medial bundles were cut, 1 responded. Of the 7 fish in which only the medial bundle was cut, 5 demonstrated a fright reaction, To summarize; out of the 14 fish, in which either the lateral or the lateral and central bundles were cut, we found that none respond-ed to the alarm substance, However, 8 out of 15 individuals with intact lateral bundles showed a fright reaction, although either the medial or the central or both bundles had been operated upon, The difference between the operated individuals with intact lateral bundles and those with impaired lateral bundles is significant. The fright reaction of the fish may indicate that the nervous excitation elicited by the alarm substance is conducted exclusively by the lateral nervous bundles of the tractus olfactorii from the bu...
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