DNA and conclude that (i) an interstrand disulfide cross-link can significantly stabilize duplex DNA while causing little structural distortion; (ii) disulfide cross-links, unlike psoralen,6b do not perturb base pairing and the denaturation pathway of DNA; and (iii) it may be possible to drive structural transitions in DNA and to rationally engineer non-ground-state DNA structures by exploiting the favorable energetics associated with disulfide bond formation. Since these unstrained, intramolecular disulfide bonds are both kinetically and thermodynamically resistant to reduction,27 such cross-linked oligonucleotides should facilitate studies of enzyme-mediated unpairing processes such as transcription, replication, and recombination. Acknowledgment. A.E.F. was supported by NRSA Training Grant GM07598-12. Additional support was provided by the NIH, Hoffmann-La Roche, ICI Pharmaceuticals Group, Bristol-Myers Squibb, and LaJolla Pharmaceuticals. We thank Dr.

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The rapid evolution of the telecommunication domain increases the performance of different access networks continuously. New services, especially in the domain multimedia content distribution, require higher and higher bandwidth at the user's and service provider's side [1]. Multimedia services like Video on Demand, IPTV and live streaming were introduced in the past and are still improved in quality and quantity. Multimedia streams and Peer to Peer (P2P) file sharing dominates the worldwide Internet traffic nowadays and will continue further. The user acceptance of enjoying multimedia content over the Internet will grow steadily together with the increasing quality of the available multimedia content. Network operators and service providers have to face the growths, by either increasing their service platform with higher performance and bandwidth or introducing a scalable solution. We present the design and implementation of a scalable Peer-to-Peer live streaming overlay architecture for Next-Generation-Networks (NGN) in this paper that addresses this challenge.

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