This study was carried out to investigate the effect of pistachio green hull extract (PGHE) on growth, survival rates, body composition and oxidative spoilage of common carp fillet. Three hundred fish (11.65 AE 1.65 g) were divided into five dietary treatments with three replications, including 0, 0.5, 1.5, 4.5 and 9 g PGHE kg À1 of diet. No significant difference were observed in specific growth rate, food conversion rate, weight gain percentage, survival rate and body composition (i.e. moisture, protein, lipid and ash) between different treatments. By increasing the level of PGHE, amount of phenolic compounds in fish meat was elevated whilst peroxide value was reduced. The amount of phenolic compounds in fish fillet was significantly lower (P < 0.05) in control treatment in comparison with other treatments. Peroxide content for 9 g PGHE kg À1 diet treatment (6.15 AE 0.79 meq peroxide kg À1 oil) was significantly (P < 0.05) lower than control group (18.82 AE 1.93 meq peroxide kg À1 oil). Regression analysis of peroxide value indicated that minimum peroxide value obtains in 1187 mg gallic acid kg À1 diet. This study indicated that ethanolic extract of Pistachia vera hull can be considered as a supplement in fish diet to delay oxidative spoilage of common carp fillet.
Summary
This study was conducted to investigate the effect of pistachio green hull extract (PGHE) on hematological and serum biochemical changes in common carp, Cyprinus carpio. Three hundred common carp (11.65 ± 1.65 g) were fed one of five different dietary treatments (with three replications) containing 0, 0.5, 1.5, 4.5 or 9 g PGHE kg−1diet for ten continuous weeks. Each tank had a 90‐L capacity and water flow rate of about 500 ml min_1.Total phenolic compounds of the different diets differed significantly (P < 0.001) according to the amount of PGHE. At the end of experiment, six fish were removed randomly from each treatment. Blood samples were taken for hematological and serum biochemical analyses at room temperature. Liver tissue samples were processed for histology and stained by H&E. The results indicated that all doses of tested PGHE induced no significant changes in hematocrit, hemoglobin, or erythrocytes, nor alkaline phosphatase, alanine transaminase, lactate dehydrogenase, total protein, albumin, globulin, triglycerides, low‐density lipoprotein, high‐density lipoprotein, glucose or cholesterol in the serum. Leukocytes were higher (P < 0.01) in fish fed a 1.5, 4.5, or 9 g PGHE kg−1 diet when compared to the 0.5 g PGHE kg−1 diet group or the control. Serum aspartate transaminase in treatments containing a 4.5 or 9 g PGHE kg−1 diet was significantly (P < 0.001) higher in comparison with the control. Liver histology showed focal necrosis, cytoplasm degeneration, lateral nuclei and an increase in Kupffer cells following PGHE administrations. The results of this trial indicated that although there were no significant changes in most hematological and biochemical parameters, PGHE could induce some adverse pathological effects on liver tissue.
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