A bstractIn standard R egge theory,the contri buti on ofthe tri pe-pom eron am pl i tude to the t= 0 di erenti alcross secti on for si ngl e di racti on di ssoci ati on has the form d 2 =dM 2 dtj t= 0 (s=s 0 ) 2[ I P (0) 1] =(M 2 ) I P (0) ,w here I P (t) i s the pom eron trajectory. For I P (0)> 1,thi sform ,w hi ch i sbased on factori zati on,doesnotscal e w i th energy. From an anal ysi s ofpp and pp data from xed target to col l i der energi es, we nd that such scal i ng actual l y hol ds,si gnal i ng a breakdow n of factori zati on. Phenom enol ogi cal l y,thi s resul t can be obtai ned from a scal i ng l aw i n di racti on, w hi ch i s em bedded i n the hypothesi s ofpom eron ux renorm al i zati on i ntroduced to uni tari ze the tri pl e pom eron am pl i tude.y Fel l ow ofC N Pq,Brazi l . IntroductionIn R egge theory,the hi gh energy behavi or ofhadroni c cross secti ons i s dom i nated by pom eron exchange [ 1,2] . For a si m pl e pom eron pol e,the pp el asti c,total ,and si ngl e di racti ve (SD ) cross secti ons can be w ri tten as(1)w here I P (t)= I P (0)+ 0 t= (1+ )+ 0 ti sthepom eron R eggetrajectory, I P pp (t)i sthe coupl i ng ofthe pom eron to the proton,g(t) i s the tri pl e-pom eron coupl i ng,s 0 = M 2 i s the I P p centerofm assenergy squared, = 1 x F = s 0 =s = M 2 =s i sthe fracti on ofthe m om entum ofthe proton carri ed by the pom eron,and s 0 i s an energy scal e param eter, w hi ch i s assum ed throughout thi s paper to be 1 G eV 2 unl ess appeari ng expl i ci tel y. In anal ogy w i th Eq.2,the term i n brackets i n (3) i s i denti ed as the I P p total cross secti on,w here we have used g(t)= g(0),si nce i t was found experi m ental l y thatg(t) i s i ndependent oft [ 1] . T he rem ai ni ng factor i n (3),nam el y f I P =p ( ;t) 2 I P pp (t) 16w here K 2 I P pp (0)=16 , i s i nterpreted as the \pom eron ux". T hus, pp di racti on di ssoci ati on can bevi ewed asa processi n w hi ch pom eronsem i tted by one ofthe protons i nteract w i th the other proton [ 3] .T he functi on F (t) represents the proton form factor,w hi ch i s obtai ned from el asti c scatteri ng. A t sm al lt,F 2 (t) e 4:6t [ 4] . H owever, thi s si m pl e exponenti alexpressi on underesti m ates the cross secti on at l arge t. D onnachi e and Landsho proposed [ 5]that the appropri ate form factorforpp el asti c and di racti ve scatteri ng i s the i soscal ar form factor m easured i n el ectron-nucl eon scatteri ng,nam el yw here m i s the m ass ofthe proton. W hen usi ng thi s form factor,the pom eron ux i s referred to asthe D onnachi e-Landsho (D L) ux 1 .N ote thatatsm al l -tF 2 1 (t)can be approxi m ated w i th an exponenti alexpressi on w hose sl ope param eter,b(t)= d dt l n F 2 1 (t),i s 1 T he factor K i n the D L ux i s K D L = (3 I P qq ) 2 =4 2 ,w here I P qq i s the pom eron-quark coupl i ng.

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Abstract. Based on the behavior of the elastic scattering data, we introduce an almost model-independent parametrization for the imaginary part of the scattering amplitude, with the energy and momentum transfer dependences inferred on empirical basis and selected by rigorous theorems and bounds from axiomatic quantum field theory. The corresponding real part is analytically evaluated by means of dispersion relations, allowing connections between particle-particle and particle-antiparticle scattering. Simultaneous fits to proton-proton and antiproton-proton experimental data in the forward direction and also including data beyond the forward direction, lead to a predictive formalism in both energy and momentum transfer. We compare our extrapolations with predictions from some popular models and discuss the applicability of the results in the normalization of elastic rates that can be extracted from present and future accelerator experiments (Tevatron, RHIC and LHC).PACS. 13.85.Dz Elastic scattering -13.85.-t Hadron-induced high-energy interactions

We investigate some aspects and consequences of the extrema bounds for the soft Pomeron intercept, recently determined by means of global fits to pp andpp total cross section data at both accelerator and cosmic-ray energy regions (scattering data). We also examine the effects of the secondary Reggeons by introducing fitted trajectories from Chew-Frautschi plots (spectroscopy data) and determining new constrained bounds for the Pomeron intercept. In both cases we extend the analysis to baryon − p, meson − p, baryon − n, meson − n, gamma − p and gamma − gamma scattering, presenting tests on factorization and quark counting rules. We show that in all the cases investigated, the bounds lead to good descriptions of the bulk of experimental data on the total cross sections, but with different extrapolations to higher energies. Our main conclusion is that the experimental information presently available on the above quantities is not sensitive to an uncertainty of 2% in the value of the soft Pomeron intercept. At 14 TeV (CERN LHC) the extrema and constrained bounds allow to infer σ tot = 114 ± 25 mb and 105 ± 10 mb, respectively.

In this paper we present a combined analysis of the H1 data on leading baryon and diffractive structure functions from DIS, which are handled as two components of the same semi-inclusive process. The available structure function data are analyzed in a series of fits in which three main exchanges are taken into account: the Pomeron, Reggeon, and pion. For each of these contributions, Regge factorization of the correspondent structure function is assumed. By this procedure, we extract information about the interface between the diffractive, Pomeron-dominated, region and the leading proton spectrum, which is mostly ruled by secondary exchanges. One of the main results is that the relative Reggeon contribution to the semi-inclusive structure function is much smaller than the one obtained from an analysis of the diffractive structure function alone.

We investigate correlations between the total cross section and the slope of the elastic differential cross section for proton-proton and antiproton-proton scattering at the highest energies. Based on the empirical behavior of these quantities as function of the energy, we select two different analytical parametrizations connecting them, and obtain the correlations through fits to the experimental data available. We present and discuss practical uses of extrapolations and interpolations of the results. In the former case we refer to the estimation of the proton-proton total cross sections from the proton-air cross sections (obtained from cosmic-ray experiments), and in the later case, we critically discuss the recent measurement of the slope parameter at the BNL RHIC at 200 GeV by the pp2pp Collaboration.

We calculate the average elasticity considering non-diffractive and single diffractive interactions and perform an analysis of the cosmic-ray flux by means of an analytical solution for the nucleonic diffusion equation. We show that the diffractive contribution is important for the adequate description of the nucleonic and hadronic fluxes in the atmosphere.

Making use of the extrema bounds for the soft pomeron intercept, recently determined by fits to pp andpp data (from both accelerator and cosmic-ray experiments), we investigate the total cross sections for pion-proton, kaon-proton, gamma-proton and gamma-gamma scattering. We show that by means of global fits, the extrema bounds are in agreement with the bulk of experimental data presently available, and that extrapolations to higher energies indicate different behaviors for the rise of the total cross sections. We also discuss factorization and quark counting, showing that both bounds are in agreement with these properties.