Enema abuse is a pernicious disorder, not extensively reported in the psychiatric literature. It may occur as an isolated paraphilia, klismaphilia (Denko, 1973, 1976), or as a symptom reflecting more pervasive illness or abnormality of attitude (Engel, 1975; Greenberg-Englander and Levine, 1981). Our patient had been using enemata excessively for sixteen years and presented in a state of cachexia; she had both obsessive-compulsive and affective symptoms, both frequently found in association with anorexia nervosa (Snaith, 1981).
The vast majority of research to date on African American Vernacular English style shift has taken the form of qualitative analyses of individual case studies; however, despite its great success, in focusing on individual rather than group style and style shifting, such work by itself is unable to answer key questions about style and style shift at the level of social groups, communities of practice, and broader based communities. Recent quantitative analyses, such as Craig and Washington's (2006) Dialect Density Measure (DDM), have sought to capture stylistic variation at the group level by analyzing dozens of linguistic features meant to represent a dialect, but use of such large numbers of features severely restricts the types of statistical analyses that can be applied to a given data set and therefore limits the utility of the technique. To test whether a smaller subset of features can be used to quantify stylistic variation, we analyzed a sample of 108 sixth-grade students observed in two conditions that differed in formality. Three measures were used to track changes in style, two large-scale DDMs constructed from a set of more than 40 variables and a subset measure that used only 6 variables. Analyses indicate that the larger DDMs were highly correlated with the subset measure, thus indicating that a small number of features can be used to reliably reflect shifting styles.
This article examines the variable judgments that African American english speakers in Wise, North Carolina, give simple preverbal done sentences modified by definite past-time denoting adverbials, as in John done baked a cake yesterday. A single speaker might judge this sentence as perfectly grammatical one day, only to judge the same or a similar sentence as fully ungrammatical the next. The article develops a synchronic analysis of this variability based on semantic type shifting. Additionally, that account is used to reconcile other researchers' reports of different judgments coming from different regions and to help explain previously published data regarding the construction's frequency of use. Further, the article proposes that the same syntactic and semantic mechanisms be used to account for a separate, although related, case of variation within the done construction. At issue here is whether adverbially modified done constructions such as Mary done lived in Chapel Hill for three years have perfect of persistent situation readings. Different researchers have answered this question differently, with a number reporting tentative and unclear judgments similar to the Wise data. in a recent article titled "Sociolinguistic Folklore in the Study of African American english," Walt Wolfram (2007) argues convincingly that, although linguists have served society well by refuting folk theories about African American english (AAe), in an ironic twist, they have, at the same time, unintentionally participated in the construction of what he calls sociolinguistic folklore by creating their own myths about variation and change in AAe. As a part of his broader argument, Wolfram describes three such myths-the supraregional myth, the language change myth, and the social stratification myth-and uses a variety of types of data to dispute them. he finds unwarranted assumptions of homogeneity undergirding each of these myths. For example, while many of the primary structural features that distinguish the vernacular speech of African Americans from their european American neighbors are, in fact, shared by regionally disparate African American communities, the supraregional myth takes this observation and turns it into
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.